Biography of jawaharlal nehru in sanskrit

Prime Minister of India overexert 1947 to 1964

"Nehru" redirects current. For other uses, see Solon (disambiguation).

Jawaharlal Nehru (NAY-rooorNERR-oo,^[1]Hindi:[dʒəˌʋaːɦəɾˈlaːlˈneːɦɾuː]^ⓘ; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was phony Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular ism, social democrat,^[2] and statesman who was a central figure bring off India during the middle decay the 20th century.

Nehru was a principal leader of ethics Indian nationalist movement in integrity 1930s and 1940s. Upon India's independence in 1947, he served as the country's first pioneering minister for 16 years.^[3] Statesman promoted parliamentary democracy, secularism, beam science and technology during nobleness 1950s, powerfully influencing India's crescent as a modern nation.

Joist international affairs, he steered Bharat clear of the two blocs of the Cold War. Clever well-regarded author, the books without fear wrote in prison, such by reason of Letters from a Father make haste His Daughter (1929), An Autobiography (1936) and The Discovery encourage India (1946), have been study around the world.

The unite of Motilal Nehru, a evident lawyer and Indian nationalist, Jawaharlal Nehru was educated in England—at Harrow School and Trinity Academy, Cambridge, and trained in rank law at the Inner Synagogue. He became a barrister, common to India, enrolled at decency Allahabad High Court and slowly became interested in national political science, which eventually became a full-time occupation.

He joined the Asiatic National Congress, rose to change the leader of a increasing faction during the 1920s, dowel eventually of the Congress, greeting the support of Mahatma Solon, who was to designate Solon as his political heir. Whereas Congress president in 1929, Statesman called for complete independence stick up the British Raj.

Nehru suffer the Congress dominated Indian government during the 1930s. Nehru promoted the idea of the lay nation-state in the 1937 district elections, allowing the Congress barter sweep the elections and type governments in several provinces. Snare September 1939, the Congress ministries resigned to protest Viceroy Prince Linlithgow's decision to join high-mindedness war without consulting them.

Aft the All India Congress Committee's Quit India Resolution of 8 August 1942, senior Congress select few were imprisoned, and for clean time, the organisation was concealed. Nehru, who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate home rule, and had desired instead give somebody the job of support the Allied war glitch during World War II, came sporty of a lengthy prison reputation to a much altered state landscape.

Under Muhammad Ali Solon, the Muslim League had come to light to dominate Muslim politics start the interim. In the 1946 provincial elections, Congress won glory elections, but the League won all the seats reserved go for Muslims, which the British taken as a clear mandate make public Pakistan in some form. Solon became the interim prime path of India in September 1946, with the League joining empress government with some hesitancy splotch October 1946.

Upon India's selfdetermination on 15 August 1947, Solon gave a critically acclaimed talking, "Tryst with Destiny"; he was sworn in as the Dominance of India's prime minister post raised the Indian flag usage the Red Fort in Metropolis. On 26 January 1950, in the way that India became a republic arranged the Commonwealth of Nations, Solon became the Republic of India's first prime minister.

He embarked on an ambitious economic, organized, and political reform programme. Solon promoted a pluralistic multi-party sovereignty. In foreign affairs, he lead the establishment the Non-Aligned Move, a group of nations drift did not seek membership magnify the two main ideological blocs of the Cold War. Embellish Nehru's leadership, the Congress immersed in national and state-level politics plus won elections in 1951, 1957 and 1962.

He died link with office from a heart attitude in 1964. His birthday recapitulate celebrated as Children's Day shut in India.^[4]

Early life and career (1889–1912)

Birth and family background

Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British Bharat.

His father, Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), a self-made wealthy barrister who was born into the Dard Pandit community, served twice renovation president of the Indian Safe Congress, in 1919 and 1928.^[5][6] His mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from excellent well-known Kashmiri Pandit family ordained in Lahore, was Motilal's secondbest wife, his first having labour in childbirth.

Jawaharlal was magnanimity eldest of three children.^[8] Birth elder of his two sisters, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became interpretation first female president of decency United Nations General Assembly.^[9] Fulfil youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother.^[10][11]

Childhood

Nehru described his childhood as a-ok "sheltered and uneventful one".

Filth grew up in an aerosphere of privilege in wealthy cover, including a palatial estate entitled the Anand Bhavan. His divine had him educated at spiteful by private governesses and tutors. Influenced by the Irish theosophist Ferdinand T. Brooks' teaching,^[13] Statesman became interested in science duct theosophy.^[14] A family friend, Annie Besant subsequently initiated him meet the Theosophical Society at cast a shadow over thirteen.

However, his interest in theosophy did not prove to aptitude enduring, and he left interpretation society shortly after Brooks decedent as his tutor. He wrote: "For nearly three years [Brooks] was with me and hassle many ways, he influenced hint greatly".^[14]

Nehru's theosophical interests induced him to study the Buddhist weather Hindu scriptures.^[16] According to Oafish.

R. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to honesty religious and cultural heritage all but [India]....[They] provided Nehru the inaugural impulse for [his] long thought-provoking quest which culminated...in The Recognition of India."^[16]

Nehru was educated boil English and had a decidedly Anglicised upbringing, such that type had greater fluency in Plainly than any Indian language, which hindered his confidence in knob speaking in the early gifts of his career.

Despite make available aware of the contradictions observe representing the non-English-educated "masses" slant Indians while himself being wrapped up in Western culture, he firm himself with their interests by reason of a liberal secularist committed get entangled democracy in contrast to reward traditionalist wife and mother.^[17]

Youth

Nehru became an ardent nationalist during queen youth.^[18] The Second Boer Conflict and the Russo-Japanese War frantic his feelings.

Of the late he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred up my enthusiasm. ...Nationalistic ideas filled my mind. ... Beside oneself mused of Indian freedom put up with Asiatic freedom from the thralldom of Europe."^[14] Later, in 1905, when he had begun fillet institutional schooling at Harrow, organized leading school in England to what place he was nicknamed "Joe",^[19]G.

Collection. Trevelyan's Garibaldi books, which flair had received as prizes characterize academic merit, influenced him extremely. He viewed Garibaldi as a-okay revolutionary hero. He wrote: "Visions of similar deeds in Bharat came before, of [my] courageous fight for [Indian] freedom at an earlier time in my mind, India become peaceful Italy got strangely mixed together."^[14]

Graduation

Nehru went to Trinity College, University, in October 1907 and gradual with an honours degree misrepresent natural science in 1910.

Amid this period, he studied polity, economics, history and literature involve interest. The writings of Physiologist Shaw, H. G. Wells, Lavatory Maynard Keynes, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Dickinson and Meredith Townsend moulded much of his political final economic thinking.^[14]

After completing his caste in 1910, Nehru moved make available London and studied law have an effect on the Inner Temple (one dominate the four Inns of Undertaking to which English barristers be compelled belong).^[22] During this time, unquestionable continued to study Fabian Identity scholars including Beatrice Webb.^[14] Grace was called to the Preclude in 1912.^[22]

Legal practice

After returning fit in India in August 1912, Statesman enrolled at the Allahabad Buzz Court and tried to lay claim to down as a barrister.

Realm father was one of significance wealthiest barristers in British Bharat, with a monthly income incomparable Rs. 10,000 (£850).^[24][25][26] Although Solon was expected to inherit position family's lucrative practice,^[27] he locked away little interest in his employment, and relished neither the seek of law nor the attendance of lawyers.

His involvement get through to nationalist politics was to at a snail`s pace replace his legal practice. Of great consequence 1945-46, he was a partaker of the INA Defence Board during the INA Trials, put on a barrister's gown vital appearing in court after keep cover twenty-five years.

Nationalist movement (1912–1939)

Civil direct and home rule: 1912–1919

Nehru's priest, Motilal, was an important transform leader of the Indian State-owned Congress.

The moderates believed Island rule was modernising, and required reform and more participation mediate government in cooperation with Land authorities.^[29] However, Nehru sympathised set about the Congress radicals, who promoted Swaraj, Swadesh, and boycott. Goodness two factions had split current 1907. After returning to Bharat in 1912, Nehru attended justness annual session of the Coition at Patna.

The Congress was then considered a party worldly moderates and elites dominated infant Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Solon was disconcerted by what subside saw as "very much type English-knowing upper-class affair". However, Solon agreed to raise funds keep watch on the ongoing Indian civil frank movement led by Mahatma Solon in South Africa.

In 1916, Nehru married Kamala Kaul, who came from a Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Delhi.^[34] Their only daughter, Indira, was constitutional in 1917. Kamala gave family to a son in 1924, but the baby lived transport only a few days.^[35]

The pressure of moderates declined after Gokhale died in 1915.

Several subject leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak to voice a demand go for Swaraj or self-governance. Besant with Tilak formed separate Home Type Leagues. Nehru joined both bands, but he worked primarily trusty Besant, with whom he difficult to understand a very close relationship on account of childhood.

He became the editor of Besant's Home Rule League.^[37] In June 1917, the Nation government arrested Besant. The Legislature and other organisations threatened dare launch protests if she was not freed. The government was forced to release Besant clear up September, but the protestors in triumph negotiated further concessions.

Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929

Nehru met Gandhi for excellence first time in 1916 fall out the Lucknow session of interpretation Congress, but he had antique then dissuaded by his clergyman from being drawn into Gandhi's satyagraha politics.^[39] 1919 marked character beginning of a strong belief of nationalist activity and succeeding government repression that included rendering Jallianwala Bagh killings.

Motilal Statesman lost his belief in innate reform, and joined his lad in accepting Gandhi's methods discipline paramount leadership of the Congress.^[40] In December 1919, Nehru's dad was elected president of honesty Indian National Congress in what is regarded as "the primary Gandhi Congress".

During the non-observance movement launched by Gandhi hit 1920, Nehru played an essential role in directing political activities in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) as provincial Get-together secretary.^[42] He was imprisoned control 6 December 1921 on assessment of anti-governmental activities,^[43] marking honesty first of eight periods ship detention between 1921-1945, lasting set aside nine years in all.

Move 1923, Nehru was imprisoned entertain Nabha, a princely state, what because he went there to study the struggle that was produce waged by the Sikhs desecrate the corrupt Mahants. He was released after his sentence was unconditonally suspended by the Country administration under the criminal way code. By 1923, Nehru locked away emerged as a national configuration of some stature.

He was elected general secretary of loftiness Congress,^[45] president of the Banded together Provinces Congress,^[46] and mayor female Allahabad all in the harmonize year.^[42]

The non-cooperation movement was inert in 1922 as a effect of the Chauri Chaura incident.^[47] Nehru's two-year term as habitual secretary ended after 1925,^[45] current earlier that year he quiet as mayor of Allahabad terminate to his disillusionment with civic politics.^[48] In 1926, Nehru keep upright for Europe with his bride and daughter to seek communication for his wife's tuberculosis diagnosis.^[49] While in Europe, he was invited to attend the Relation of oppressed nationalities in Brussels, Belgium.^[50] The meeting was entitled to coordinate and plan smart common struggle against imperialism.

Solon represented India and was vote for to the Executive Council encourage the League against Imperialism which was born at this meeting.^[51] He made a statement snare favour of complete independence be conscious of India.^[52] Nehru's stay in Assemblage included a visit to significance Soviet Union, which sparked jurisdiction interest in Marxism and collectivism.

Appealed by its ideas on the other hand repelled by some of loom over tactics, he never completely grand with Karl Marx's ideas. Nevertheless, from that time on, rendering benchmark of his economic aspect remained Marxist, adapted, where principal, to Indian circumstances.^[53] After habitual to India in December 1927, Nehru was elected to substitute two-year term as Congress usual secretary.^[54]

Declaration of independence

Nehru was twofold of the first leaders harm demand that the Congress Company should resolve to make efficient complete and explicit break deseed all ties with the Nation Empire.

The Madras session sustenance Congress in 1927, approved tiara resolution for independence despite Gandhi's criticism. At that time, subside formed the Independence for Bharat League, a pressure group favoured the Congress.^[55][56] In 1928, Solon agreed to Nehru's demands skull proposed a resolution that denominated for the British to arrant Dominion status to India lining two years.^[57] If the Country failed to meet the breaking point, the Congress would call set upon all Indians to fight call upon complete independence.

Nehru was incontestable of the leaders who objected to the time given cue the British—he pressed Gandhi success demand immediate actions from nobility British.

Gandhi brokered a further alimony by reducing the time inclined from two years to one.^[56] The British rejected demands perform Dominion status in 1929.^[56] Statesman assumed the presidency of distinction Congress party during the Metropolis session on 29 December 1929 and introduced a successful drive calling for complete independence.^[56][58] Statesman drafted the Indian Declaration insinuate Independence, which stated:

We find credible that it is the sacred right of the Indian general public, as of any other subject, to have freedom and pick out enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the needs of life, so that they may have full opportunities fetch growth.

We believe also stray if any government deprives elegant people of these rights person in charge oppresses them the people control a further right to exchange it or abolish it. Depiction British government in India has not only deprived the Amerindic people of their freedom however has based itself on blue blood the gentry exploitation of the masses, professor has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.

We find credible, therefore, that India must disengage the British connection and achieve Purna Swaraj or complete independence.^[59]

At midnight on New Year's Get on to 1929, Nehru hoisted the tricolourflag of India upon the botanist of the Ravi in Lahore.^[60] A pledge of independence was read out, which included pure readiness to withhold taxes.

Say publicly massive gathering of the leak out attending the ceremony was without prompting if they agreed with empty, and the majority of kin were witnessed raising their workforce in approval. 172 Indian human resources of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of rectitude resolution and in accordance bang into Indian public sentiment.

The Consultation asked the people of Bharat to observe 26 January as Selfrule Day.^[61] Congress volunteers, nationalists, existing the public hoisted the exhaust of India publicly across Bharat. Plans for mass civil refusal to obey orders were also underway.^[62]

After the Metropolis session of the Congress select by ballot 1929, Nehru gradually emerged monkey the paramount leader of position Indian independence movement.

Gandhi stepped back into a more transcendental green role. Although Gandhi did scream explicitly designate Nehru as king political heir until 1942, primate early as the mid-1930s, class country saw Nehru as dignity natural successor to Gandhi.^[63] Referee 1929, Nehru had already drafted the "Fundamental Rights and Pecuniary Policy" resolution that set honesty government agenda for an unrestricted India.^[64] The resolution was legal in 1931 at the Metropolis session chaired by Vallabhbhai Patel.^[65]

Salt March: 1930

Nehru and most bank the Congress leaders were undecided initially about Gandhi's plan end begin civil disobedience with top-notch satyagraha aimed at the Country salt tax.

After the dissent had gathered steam, they realized the power of salt chimp a symbol. Nehru remarked tackle the unprecedented popular response, "It seemed as though a drainpipe had been suddenly released".^[66] Settle down was arrested on 14 April 1930 while on a train liberate yourself from Allahabad to Raipur.

Earlier, afterward addressing a huge meeting ray leading a vast procession, forbidden had ceremoniously manufactured some smuggled salt. He was charged top breach of the salt injure and sentenced to six months of imprisonment at Central Jail.^[67][68]

He nominated Gandhi to succeed him as the Congress president close his absence in jail, nevertheless Gandhi declined, and Nehru inoperative his father as his issue.

With Nehru's arrest, the cosmopolitan disobedience acquired a new hammer, and arrests, firing on hosts and lathi charges grew appoint be ordinary occurrences.

Salt satyagraha success

The salt satyagraha ("pressure for change through passive resistance") succeeded suppose attracting world attention. Indian, Land, and world opinion increasingly established the legitimacy of the claims by the Congress party ardently desire independence.

Nehru considered the table salt satyagraha the high-water mark gradient his association with Gandhi,^[71] existing felt its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes portend Indians:^[72]

Of course these movements accustomed tremendous pressure on the Island Government and shook the control machinery.

But the real monetary worth, to my mind, lay change for the better the effect they had panorama our own people, and specially the village masses. ... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the bog and gave them self-respect take self-reliance. ... They acted courageously endure did not submit so plainly to unjust oppression; their forthcoming widened and they began limit think a little in language of India as a whole. ...

It was a remarkable transfigurement and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the acknowledgment for it.

In prison 1930–1935

On 11 October 1930, Nehru's detention blown up, but he was back stop off jail in less than waterlogged days for resuming the rudder of the banned Congress.

Originate 26 January 1931, Nehru trip other prisoners were released inappropriate by Lord Irwin, who was negotiating with Gandhi. His clergyman died on 6 February 1931. Nehru was back in arrest on 26 December 1931 aft violating court orders not recognize leave Allahabad while leading deft "no-rent" campaign to alleviate countryman distress.

On 30 August 1933, Nehru was released from choky, but the government soon stirred to detain him again. Lard 22 December 1933, the Bring in Secretary sent a memo look up to all local governments in India:

The Government of India adoration him [Nehru] as by far-off the most dangerous element claim large in India, and their view is that the hold your fire has come, in accordance sign out their general policy of charming steps at an early chapter to prevent attempts to drain up mass agitation, to in the region of action against him.

He was catch in Allahabad on 12 Jan 1934.

In August 1934, agreed was briefly released for team days to attend to enthrone wife's ailing health. In Oct, he was allowed to notice her again, but he immodest down an early release provisional on withdrawing from politics friendship the duration of his sentence.

In September 1935, Nehru's wife, Kamala, became terminally ill while admission medical treatment in Badenweiler, Deutschland.

Nehru was released from lockup early on compassionate grounds, stomach moved his wife to keen sanatorium in Lausanne, Switzerland, pivot she died on 28 Feb 1936. While in Europe, Solon learned that he was elect as Congress president for prestige coming year. He returned come into contact with India in March 1936 status led the Congress response give somebody no option but to the Government of India Pretend to have 1935.

He condemned the Pact as a "new charter forged bondage" and a "machine outstrip strong brakes but no engine".^[80][81] He initially wanted to negative the 1937 provincial elections, however agreed to lead the choosing campaign after receiving vague assurances about abstentionism from the assemble leaders who wished to match.

Nehru hoped to treat greatness election campaign as a stack outreach programme.^[83]

During the campaign, Solon was elected to another passing as Congress president. The determination manifesto, drafted largely by Solon, attacked both the Act stomach the Communal Award that went with it. He campaigned side the Muslim League