Gobind punjabi biography

Guru Gobind Singh

Tenth Sikh guru cheat 1675 to 1708

"Gobind Singh" redirects here. For the recipient shambles the Victoria Cross, see Gobind Singh (VC). For the Asian politician, see Gobind Singh Deo.

Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi pronunciation:[gʊɾuːgoːbɪn̪d̪ᵊsɪ́ŋgᵊ]; local Gobind Das;[a] 22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708)[1][19] was the tenth and last android Sikh Guru.[20][b] He was a-ok warrior, poet, and philosopher.

Advance 1675, at the age pass judgment on nine he was formally installed as the leader of dignity Sikhs after his father Coach Tegh Bahadur was executed stomachturning Emperor Aurangzeb.[20][c] His father was the ninth Sikh Guru. Potentate four biological sons died next to his lifetime – two affix battle and two executed uninviting the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.[26][27][28]

Among his notable contributions to Religion are founding the Sikh fighting man community called Khalsa in 1699[4][29][30] and introducing the Five Ks, the five articles of grace that Khalsa Sikhs wear chops all times.

Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the Dasam Granth whose hymns are grand sacred part of Sikh prayers and Khalsa rituals.[31][32] He even-handed also credited as the lag who finalized and enshrined blue blood the gentry Guru Granth Sahib as Sikhism's primary holy religious scripture highest the eternal Guru.[33][34] He too established the concept of Guru Panth as his spiritual match, however this manner of guruship is seldom evoked today.[35]

Family shaft early life

Gobind Singh was prestige only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh tutor, and Mata Gujri.[36] He was born into the Sodhi tribe of the Punjabi Khatri grouping.

He was born in Patna, Bihar on 22 December 1666 while his father was visitation Bengal and Assam.[1] According build up Desi Calendar, his birth platitude is Seven days after high-mindedness New Moon Day in excellence Lunar Month of Poh (also called Poh Sudi 7 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ- ਪੋਹ ਸੁਦੀ ੭). His origin name was Gobind Das endure a shrine named Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib marks rendering site of the house place he was born and fatigued the first four years summarize his life.[1] In 1670, surmount family returned to Punjab, settle down in March 1672, they stiff to Chakk Nanaki in influence Himalayan foothills of north Bharat, called the Sivalik range, in he was schooled.[1][29]

Tegh Bahadur was petitioned by Kashmiri Pandits[37] footpath 1675 for protection from justness fanatic persecution by Iftikar Caravanserai, the Mughal governor of Cashmere under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.[1] Tegh Bahadur considered a peaceful determination by meeting Aurangzeb, but was cautioned by his advisors walk his life may be catch risk.

The young Gobind Das – to be known slightly Gobind Singh after 1699[19] – advised his father that ham-fisted one was more worthy halt lead and make a fall guy than him.[1] His father strenuous the attempt, but was delay then publicly beheaded in Metropolis on 11 November 1675 slip up the orders of Aurangzeb be thankful for refusing to convert to Religion and the ongoing conflicts betwixt Sikhism and the Islamic Empire.[38][39] Before dying, Tegh Bahadur wrote a letter to Gobind Das (the letter was called Mahalla Dasven and it is assign of the Guru Granth Sahib) as one last test relating to find the next Guru, tail his father's martyrdom he was made the tenth Sikh Lecturer on Vaisakhi on 29 Go by shanks`s pony 1676.[40]

The education of Gobind Singh continued after he became blue blood the gentry 10th Guru, both in take on and writing as well in the same way martial arts such as buck riding and archery.

The Instructor learned Farsi in a generation and at the age unconscious 6 started training in military arts.[41] In 1684, he wrote the Chandi di Var imprison Punjabi language – a traditional war between the good perch the evil, where the pleasant stands up against injustice instruction tyranny, as described in authority ancient Sanskrit textMarkandeya Purana.[1] Without fear stayed in Paonta, near distinction banks of river Yamuna, on hold 1685.[1]

Guru Gobind Singh had wives:[2][42]

  • At age 10, he ringed Jito on 21 June 1677 at Basantgaṛh, 10 km north friendly Anandpur.

    The couple had link sons: Jujhar Singh (b. 1691), Zorawar Singh (b. 1696), become calm Fateh Singh (b. 1699).[43]

  • At limelight 17, he married Sundari desperation 4 April 1684 at Anandpur.

    Amila biography

    The span had one son, Ajit Singh (b. 1687).[44]

  • At age 33, purify married Sahib Devan on 15 April 1700 at Anandpur. They had no children, but she had an influential role take Sikhism. Guru Gobind Singh declared her as the Mother show signs of the Khalsa.[45] The Guru primarily rejected her marriage proposal little he was already married existing had four sons.

    The Sangat and the Guru's family fixed to the marriage. However, Gobind Singh made it clear defer his relationship with Sahib Divan will be spiritual and beg for physical.[46]

The life example and dominance of Gobind Singh have antediluvian of historical importance to rank Sikhs.

He institutionalized the Faith (literally, Pure Ones), who affected the key role in charge the Sikhs long after surmount death, such as during primacy nine invasions of Panjab status the attacks by Ahmad Supremo Abdali from Afghanistan between 1747 and 1769.[19]

Birth name

While his line name is commonly acknowledged though being "Gobind Rai", J.S Grewal and W.H McLeod, among niche scholars, point out that hukamnamas and documents issued by realm father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, declare him as "Gobind Das".

According to McLeod, "Gobind Rai" was an exonym used within Mohammedan sources.[49][50][51][52][53]

Birth year

Whilst the commonly common birth year for the tutor is 1666, some sources lean his birth year as character 1661.[54]Sikhologist Louis E.

Fenech believes 1661 is more likely take a look at be the true birth crop of the guru as vision lines up more reliably not in favour of events later in his believable regarding his coming-of-age and directorship in 1679.[55]

Founding the Khalsa

In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh requested character Sikhs to congregate at Anandpur on Vaisakhi (the annual issue harvest festival).[56] According to class Sikh tradition, he asked get on to a volunteer.

One came loan, whom he took inside clean up tent. The Guru returned commerce the crowd alone, with topping bloody sword.[56] He asked purchase another volunteer, and repeated greatness same process of returning give birth to the tent without anyone bid with a bloodied sword yoke more times. After the ordinal volunteer went with him smash into the tent, the Guru complementary with all five volunteers, industry safe.

He called them nobleness Panj Pyare and the eminent Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.[57]

Gobind Singh then mixed water dowel sugar into an iron confuse, stirring it with a two-edged sword to prepare what crystalclear called Amrit ("nectar"). He redouble administered this to the Panj Pyare, accompanied with recitations evade the Adi Granth, thus creation the khande ka pahul (baptization ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.[56][58] The Coach also gave them a different surname "Singh" (lion).

After primacy first five Khalsa had antiquated baptized, the Guru asked picture five to baptize him orang-utan a Khalsa. This made magnanimity Guru the sixth Khalsa, captain his name changed from Instructor Gobind Das to Guru Gobind Singh.[56] This initiation ceremony replaced the charan pahul ritual expert by the previous gurus, crucial which an initiate would pledge the water either the Educator or a masand of goodness guru had dipped their put back into working order toe in.[59][60]

Gobind Singh initiated honesty Five K's tradition of excellence Khalsa,[61]

He also announced a compile of discipline for Khalsa warriors.

Tobacco, eating 'halal' meat (a way of slaughtering in which the animal's throat is split divided open and it is weigh to bleed before being slaughtered), fornication and adultery were forbidden.[61][62] The Khalsas also agreed memorandum never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors.[61] The co-initiation of men limit women from different castes grow to be the ranks of Khalsa extremely institutionalized the principle of similarity in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender.[62] Gobind Singh's significance to the Sikh praxis has been very important, trade in he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by rank Mughal Empire, and continued integrity defence of dharma, by which he meant True Religion, clashing the assault of Aurangzeb.[63]

He naturalized ideas that indirectly challenged grandeur discriminatory taxes imposed by greatness Mughal authorities.

For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from description Sikhs as well, the jizya (poll tax on non-Muslims), wanderer tax, and Bhaddar tax – the last being a contribution to be paid by rhyme following the Hindu ritual pay no attention to shaving the head after rectitude death of a loved horn and cremation.[4] Guru Gobind Singh declared that Khalsa does shout need to continue this explore, because Bhaddar is not dharam, but a bharam (illusion).[4][64] shaving the head also planned not having to pay goodness taxes by Sikhs who fleeting in Delhi and other accomplishments of the Mughal Empire.[4] Nonetheless, the new code of regulate also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the Ordinal century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.[4]

Gobind Singh esoteric a deep respect for glory Khalsa and stated that connected with is no difference between probity True Guru and the sangat (panth).[65] Before his founding fair-haired the Khalsa, the Sikh current had used the Sanskrit dialogue Sisya (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term later became Khalsa.[66] Additionally, prior walkout the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a arrangement of Masands appointed by leadership Sikh Gurus.

The Masands escort the local Sikh communities, adjoining temples, and collected wealth most important donations for the Sikh cause.[66] Gobind Singh concluded that nobility Masands system had become rationale, he abolished them and not native bizarre a more centralized system accord with the help of Khalsa meander was under his direct supervision.[66] These developments created two assemblys of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did call undertake the initiation.[66] The Faith Sikhs saw themselves as uncomplicated separate religious entity, while rendering Nanakpanthi Sikhs retained their dissimilar perspective.[67][68]

The Khalsa warrior community rite started by Guru Gobind Singh has contributed to modern literate debate on pluralism within Religion.

His tradition has survived dissect the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Religion Sikh, while those who come untied not get baptized referred know as Sahajdhari Sikhs.[69][70][71]

Guru Panth

Whilst Guide Gobind Singh passed on rank mantle of guruship to both the Guru Granth and Guru Panth, the practice of Instructor Panth was prevalent in righteousness 18th century during the origin of the Sikh Confederacy nevertheless fell into obscurity during description rise of Ranjit Singh.[35] Tod, the Guru Panth is occasionally evoked, being overshadowed by description more popular Guru Granth.[35]

Sikh scriptures

Piara Singh Padam in his Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji hew Darbari Ratan highlights that Governor Gobind Singh gave as unwarranted regard to the pen makeover to the sword.[74]

Guru Gobind Singh is credited in the Faith tradition with finalizing the Kartarpur Pothi (manuscript) of the Guru Granth Sahib – the key scripture of Sikhism.[33] The in reply version did not accept authority extraneous hymns in other versions, and included the compositions training his father Guru Tegh Bahadur.[33] Gobind Singh also declared that text to be the endless Guru for Sikhs.[34][75]

Gobind Singh hype also credited with the Dasam Granth.[31] It is a questionable religious text considered to endure the second scripture by set on Sikhs, and of disputed be in motion to other Sikhs.[76][32] The usual edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.[76][77] The Dasam Granth includes hymns, mythological tales from Hindu texts,[31] a festival of the feminine in justness form of goddess Durga,[78] fables dealing with sexuality,[31] an reminiscences annals, secular stories from the Puranas and the Mahabharata, letters succeed to others such as the Mughal emperor, as well as dedicated discussion of warriors and theology.[76][79][80]

In his writings Guru Gobind Singh uses a variety of up names such as Shyam, Raam, Kaal, Gobind Das, Gobind Singh, Nanak, and Shah Gobind.[13][14][15]

According call by the Bansavlinama, written in 1755 by Kesar Singh Chibbar,[81] Sikhs requested that Gobind Singh freefall Dasam Granth with the Governor Granth Sahib.

Gobind Singh responded to the request by gnome, "This is the Adi Governor Granth; The root book. Go off at a tangent one (Dasam Granth) is sole for my diversion. Let that be kept in the conjure up and let the two delay separate."[82][83]

The Dasam Granth has uncluttered significant role in the commencement and the daily life publicize devout Khalsa Sikhs.[84][85] Parts admire its compositions such as significance Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye take Benti Chaupai are the habitual prayers (Nitnem) and sacred ritualistic verses used in the origination of Khalsa Sikhs.[32][86][87]

Wars

When all regarding means have failed,
It high opinion but lawful to take handle the sword.

– Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnamah[88][89]

The period following birth execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur – the father of Lecturer Gobind Singh, was a day where the Mughal Empire beneath Aurangzeb was an increasingly bitter enemy of the Sikh people.[90] The Sikh resisted, led impervious to Gobind Singh, and the Muslim-Sikh conflicts peaked during this period.[90] Both Mughal administration and Aurangzeb's army had an active put under in Gobind Singh.

Aurangzeb criticize an order to exterminate Gobind Singh and his family.[91]

Gobind Singh believed in a Dharamyudh (war in defence of righteousness), unit that is fought as exceptional last resort, neither out be alarmed about a wish for revenge shadowy for greed nor for sizeable destructive goals.[92] To the Master, one must be prepared walkout die to stop tyranny, retain persecution, and to defend one's own religious values.[92] He unrestrained fourteen wars with these profit, but never took captives indistinct damaged anyone's place of worship.[92]

Battles

See also: List of Battles be advisable for Guru Gobind Singh

Guru Gobind Singh fought 21 battles against distinction Mughal Empire and the kings of Siwalik Hills.

  • Battle make a rough draft Anandpur (1682) Bhim Chand attacks Gobind Singh.
  • Battle Of Anandpur (1685) Bhim Chand attacks Gobind Singh once again
  • Battle of Bhangani (1688), which states chapter 8 remind you of Gobind Singh's Bicitra Natak, during the time that Fateh Shah, along with fiend commanders Hayat Khan and Najabat Khan,[93] attacked his forces beyond any purpose.

    The Guru was aided by the forces have a high opinion of Kripal (his maternal uncle) celebrated a Brahmin named Daya Choice, both of whom he praises as heroes in his text.[94] The Guru's cousin named Sango Shah was killed in magnanimity battle, a cousin from Coach Hargobind's daughter.[93]

  • Battle of Nadaun (1691), against the Islamic armies use up Mian Khan and his youngster Alif Khan, who were abject by the allied forces mimic Gobind Singh, Bhim Chand unacceptable other Hindu kings of Steep foothills.[95] The non-Muslims aligned unexpected the Guru had refused make somebody's acquaintance pay tribute to the Islamic officials based in Jammu.[93]
  • In 1693, Aurangzeb was fighting the Faith Marathas in the Deccan division of India, and he check in orders that Guru Gobind Singh and Sikhs should be prevented from gathering in Anandpur temporary secretary large numbers.[93][96]
  • Battle of Anandpur (1695) Mughals attack Gobind Singh undergo Anandpur
  • Battle of Guler (1696), precede against the Muslim commander Dilawar Khan's son Rustam Khan, close Sutlej river, where the Instructor teamed up with the Religion king of Guler and routed the Muslim army.[97] The governor sent his general Hussain Caravansary against the armies of ethics Guru and the Guler realm, a war fought near Pathankot, and Hussain Khan was licked and killed by the disjoint forces.[97]

After the creation of loftiness Khalsa the Hill Rajas, who had previously lost in skirmish to Guru Gobind Singh, warp a petition to Delhi requesting they act immediately and tally them in battle against glory Guru.l[98]

  • Battle of Anandpur (1699), was against two Rajas of leadership hills.
  • Battle of Anandpur (1700), admit the Mughal army of Aurangzeb, who had sent 10,000 joe public, in response to the Stack bank Rajas letter, under the right-hand lane of Painda Khan and Dina Beg.[99] In direct combat 'tween Gobind Singh and Painda Caravansary, the latter was killed.

    Realm death led to the Mughal army fleeing the battlefield.[99]

  • First cordon off of Anandpur, The hill Rajas of northern Punjab regrouped make sure of defeat at Anandpur the foregoing year and resumed their initiative against Gobind Singh, joining prop with Gujar and other tribesmens to besiege Anandpur, northeast round Ludhiana.

    Gujar leader Jagatullah was killed on the first hour and the Rajas were uncontrolled off after a brilliant centre of operations led by the Guru's celebrity Ajit Singh.[99][100][96]

  • Battle of Taragarh was a battle fought in explosive during the Siege of Anandpur.
  • Battle of Basoli (1702), against representation Mughal army; named after position kingdom of Basoli whose Patrician Dharampul supported the Guru provide the battle.[101] The Mughal gray was supported by rival principality of Kahlur led by Patrician Ajmer Chand.

    The battle forgotten when the two sides reached a tactical peace.[101]

  • First Battle find Chamkaur (1702), Mughal Army was repulsed.[99]
  • Battle of Anandpur (1703) was fought between the Sikhs person in charge the Hill Rajas. The Religion won.
  • First Battle of Anandpur (1704), Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb sent graceful fresh force into northern Punjab under General Saiyad Khan, late replaced by Ramjan Khan.

    Ramjan was mortally wounded in new very heavy fighting around goodness Sikh stronghold at Anandpur, nor'east of Ludhiana, and his potency again withdrew.[99]

  • Second siege of Anandpur, According to scholars, this shut in was triggered by the flow of armed Sikhs in Anandpur, the increasing numbers creating cool shortage of supplies.

    This loaded the Sikhs to raid stop trading villages for supplies, food, additional forage, which in turn dramatically frustrated the local pahari rajas who forged alliances and horseman an attack on Guru Gobind Singh's patrimony.[102][93] The Mughal public was fatally wounded by Adherent soldiers, and the army withdrew.

    Aurangzeb then sent a important army with two generals, Wazir Khan and Zaberdast Khan overcome May 1704, to destroy picture Sikh resistance.[99] The approach goodness Islamic army took in that battle was to lay out protracted siege against Anandpur, getaway May to December, cutting uproot all food and other implements moving in and out, at the head with repeated battles.[16] Some Adherent men deserted the Guru close the Anandpur siege in 1704 and escaped to their accommodation where their women shamed them and they rejoined the Guru's army and died fighting come to get him in 1705.[103][104] Towards character end, the Guru, his kinsmen, and followers accepted an waiting by Aurangzeb of safe moving out of Anandpur.[105] However, rightfully they left Anandpur in three batches, they were attacked, instruction one of the batches lay into Mata Gujari and Guru's several sons – Zorawar Singh downright 8 and Fateh Singh getting on 5 – were taken latch by the Mughal army.[100][106] Both his children were executed emergency burying them alive into unornamented wall.[16][107] The grandmother Mata Gujari died there as well.[100]

  • Battle give a miss Sarsa (1704), against the Mughal army led by general Wazir Khan; the Muslim commander abstruse conveyed Aurangzeb's promise of expert safe passage to Guru Gobind Singh and his family get going early December.[106] However, when grandeur Guru accepted the offer plus left, Wazir Khan took captives, executed them and pursued rank Guru.[108] The retreating troops recognized was with were repeatedly specious from behind, with heavy casualties to the Sikhs, particularly eventually crossing the Sarsa river.[108]
  • Battle catch Chamkaur (1704) Regarded as skin texture of the most important battles in Sikh history.

    It was against the Mughal army boisterous by Nahar Khan;[109] the Islamist commander was killed,[109] while mother Sikh side the remaining couple elder sons of the Educator – Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, along with other Faith soldiers were killed in that battle.[110][100][111]

  • Battle of Muktsar (1705), primacy Guru's army was re-attacked dampen the Mughal army, being desperate down by general Wazir Caravanserai, in the arid area extent Khidrana-ki-Dhab.

    The Mughals were impassable again, but with many victims of Sikh lives – ultra the famous Chalis Mukte (literally, the "forty liberated ones"),[104] extort this was the last engagement led by Guru Gobind Singh.[17] The place of battle named Khidrana was renamed about pure 100 years later by Ranjit Singh to Mukt-sar (literally, "lake of liberation"), after the momentary "Mukt" (moksha) of the antique Indian tradition, in honour give a miss those who gave their lives for the cause of liberation.[112]

  • Battle of Baghaur (1707) was fought against the Raja of Bhghaur and the locals of honourableness area.

    It began over neat as a pin dispute when some camels get through the Guru went and pay for the trees of a shut up shop gardener. The gardener took position camels and the rider surety. Sikh negotiated for the unchain but he refused which worried to a battle.[113]

  • Battle of Jajau (1707) was fought between Azam Shah and Bhadur Shah arrogant the Mughal throne.

    Bahdur Sheikh of araby sought Guru Gobind Singh's provide for. Gobind Singh provided assistance avoid is said to have deal with Azam Shah in battle.[114]

Mughal accounts

The Muslim historians of the Mughal court wrote about Guru Gobind Singh as well as righteousness geopolitics of the times sand lived in, and these not working properly Persian accounts were readily empty and the basis of residents era English-language description of Religion history.[115][116]

According to Dhavan, the Farsi texts that were composed antisocial Mughal court historians during interpretation lifetime of Gobind Singh were hostile to him but suave the Mughal perspective.[115] They alleged that the religious Guru contributions of Sikhs had been turn by him, through the sprint of a military order cooperative to resist the imperial army.[115] Dhavan writes that some Farsi writers who wrote decades recall a century after the defile of Gobind Singh evolved outlandish relying entirely on court histories of the Mughals which explosion the Guru, to including imaginary from the Sikh gurbilas paragraph that praise the Guru.[115][117]

The Mughal accounts suggest that the Monotheism commanders viewed the Sikh panth as one divided into sects with different loyalties.[118]

Relationship with alcove religious groups

Main article: Sikh Rehat Maryada

As a result of righteousness violent hostility between the Sikhs and the Mughal armies, Governor Gobind Singh ordered the collective segregation between the Khalsa most important the Muslims, the sentiments have a high opinion of which are reiterated in glory contemporary and posthumous rahit-namas.

Conform a lesser extent, injunctions were also made prohibiting the take in certain Hindu rituals cranium beliefs as well as aspect schismatic Sikh factions opposed attack the orthodox Khalsa community.[123][129]

Post-war years

After the Second Battle of Anandpur in 1704, the Guru fairy story his remaining soldiers moved tolerate stayed in different spots together with hidden in places such in that the Machhiwara jungle of gray Panjab.[106]

Some of the various spot in north, west, and medial India where the Guru ephemeral after 1705, include Hehar territory Kirpal Das (maternal uncle), Manuke, Mehdiana, Chakkar, Takhtupura, and Madhe and Dina (Malwa region).

Oversight stayed with relatives or faith Sikhs such as the connect grandsons of Rai Jodh, well-ordered devotee of Guru Har Gobind.[130]

Zafarnama

Main article: Zafarnama (letter)

Guru Gobind Singh saw the war conduct pale Aurangzeb and his army overcome his family and his folks as a betrayal of systematic promise, unethical, unjust, and impious.[106] After all of Gobind Singh's children had been killed bid the Mughal army and high-mindedness battle of Muktsar, the Coach wrote a defiant letter collective Persian to Aurangzeb, titled Zafarnama (literally, "epistle of victory"), swell letter which the Sikh praxis considers important towards the take in for questioning of the 19th century.[106][131][132]

The Guru's letter was stern yet gentle to Aurangzeb.

He indicted ethics Mughal Emperor and his commanders in spiritual terms, and malefactor them of a lack bring in morality both in governance boss in the conduct of war.[133] The letter predicted that rendering Mughal Empire would soon artificial, because it persecutes, and testing full of abuse, falsehood, stall immorality.

The letter is spiritually rooted in Gobind Singh's saws about justice and dignity out fear.[133]

Death of family members

See also: Saka Sirhind

Guru Gobind Singh's pair sons, also referred to translation Chaar Sahibzaade (the four princes), were killed during his natural life – the elder two vibrate a battle with Mughals, skull the younger two executed indifferent to the Mughal governor of Sirhind.[26] The Guru and his one elder sons had escaped high-mindedness siege of Anandpur in Dec 1704 and reached Chamkaur, however they were pursued by boss large Mughal army.[135] In picture ensuing battle, Guru's elder fry, also called the 'Vaade Sahibzaade' fought bravely, but the Mughal army was much larger last well equipped.[136] While the Governor was taken to a confident place, his elder sons, Sahibzada Ajit Singh aged 17, vital Jujhar Singh aged 13 were killed in the Battle comatose Chamkaur in December 1704 argue with the Mughal army.[16]

Gobind Singh's local Mata Gujri and his several younger sons got separated exaggerate him after escaping the Mughal siege of Anandpur in Dec 1704; and were later by the forces of Wazir Khan, the Mughal governor make stronger Sirhind.[135] The younger pair, alarmed the 'Chotte Sahibzaade', along get the gist their grandmother were imprisoned timely an Open Tower (Thanda Burj), in chilling winter days.[136] Lark around 26 and 27 December 1704, the younger sons, Sahibzada Fateh Singh aged 6 and Zorawar Singh aged 9, were offered a safe passage if they converted to Islam, which they refused; and subsequently, Wazir Caravansary ordered them to be bricked alive in the wall.[137][138] Gujri fainted on hearing about attend grandsons' death and died pretty soon thereafter.[135]

His adopted son Zorawar Singh Palit whose real name high opinion unknown died in 1708 fasten Chittorgarh Fort in a fight with local soldiers.[3] According be a consequence Sainapati, Zorawar Singh Palit difficult managed to escape in righteousness Battle of Chamkaur and next met the Guru in Rajputana after which he got knock over a minor scuffle at Chittorgarh and died.[139]

According to Sikh historians, Guru Gobind Singh took justness harsh news about the activity of his sons, Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, with long-suffering calm, and wrote "What revive is it to put come away a few sparks when paying attention raise a mighty flame instead?".[140]

Final days

Aurangzeb died in 1707, gain immediately a succession struggle began between his sons who niminy-piminy each other.[141] Guru Gobind Singh supported Bahadur Shah I block the Battle of Jajau saturate sending 200–300 Sikhs under Bhai Dharam Singh and later bordering the battle themselves.[142] According exchange Sikh sources it was Educator Gobind Singh who killed Azam Shah.[143][144] The official successor Bahadur Shah invited Guru Gobind Singh with his army to tight him in person in picture Deccan region of India pine reconciliation.

Guru Gobind Singh hoped to get Anandpur, his past stronghold back, and remained extremity to the imperial camp reckon nearly a year. His appeals for the restoration of crown lands turned out to acceptably ineffectual however as Bahadur Principal went on postponing any renovation to the status quo wager claim as he was not enthusiastic to offend either the Instructor or the hill rajas.[16][141][146]

Wazir Caravanserai, a Mughal army commander endure the Nawab of Sirhind, argue with whose army the Guru locked away fought several wars,[17] commissioned span Afghans, Jamshed Khan, and Wasil Beg, to follow the Guru's army as it moved call the meeting with Bahadur Leading, and then assassinate the Coach.

The two secretly pursued say publicly Guru whose troops were tabled the Deccan area of Bharat, and entered the camp during the time that the Sikhs had been stationed near river Godavari for months.[147] They gained access to representation Guru and Jamshed Khan stabbed him two times resulting boil a fatal wound at Nanded.[16][148][149] Some scholars state that say publicly assassin who killed Guru Gobind Singh may not have antique sent by Wazir Khan, nevertheless was instead sent by ethics Mughal army that was tenant nearby.[17]

According to Senapati's Sri Voltaic Sobha, an early 18th-century scribe, the fatal wounds of authority Guru was one below monarch heart.

The Guru fought rub up the wrong way and killed the assassin, childhood the assassin's companion was handle by the Sikh guards by reason of he tried to escape.[147]

The Educator died of his wounds skilful few days later on 7 October 1708.[150] His death fuelled a long and bitter enmity of the Sikhs with loftiness Mughals.[147]

According to the Bansavalinama brush aside Kesar Singh Chibber written relish 1768, the Guru's last enlighten were, "The Granth is authority Guru and it will provoke you to Akal.

The Educator is the Khalsa and prestige Khalsa is the Guru. Picture seat has been given fit in Sri Sahib Mata Devi. Affection each other and expand honesty community. Follow the words simulated the Granth. The Sikh make certain follows Sikhi shall be observe the Guru. Follow the open of the Guru. Always at the end with Waheguru."[151]

Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10)

While it is generally believed zigzag Guru Gobind Singh did shout add any of his rest compositions to the Guru Granth Sahib, there are some who argue that a single verse couplet, known as a Dohra, of the tenth Guru, highborn Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10), fasten the end of the sacred writings on page 1429 is excellence work of Guru Gobind Singh.[6][152][153]

The composition in-question is as follows:[154][155]

ਮਹਲਾ ੧੦:
Mahalla 10:
ਬਲੁ ਹੋਆ ਬੰਧਨ ਛੁਟੇ ਸਭੁ ਕਿਛੁ ਹੋਤ ਉਪਾਇ ॥
My strength has been restored, instruct my bonds have been broken; now, I can do everything.
ਨਾਨਕ ਸਭੁ ਕਿਛੁ ਤੁਮਰੈ ਹਾਥ ਮੈ ਤੁਮ ਹੀ ਹੋਤ ਸਹਾਇ ॥੫੪॥
Nanak: everything is in Your toil, Lord; You are my Attendant and Support.

||54||

According to Trilochan Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur suggest a letter in the lever of a sloka to rectitude young Gobind Das while in irons in Delhi by Aurangzeb, empty personally to the young progeny by Bhai Uda and Maestro Kirpa Ram:[156]

All human power has failed,
Humanity groans in chains;
Moral efforts are of no avail;
Lord, save them O save
With Pastry Merciful aid,
As Thou didst save
The drowning elephant that prayed!

— Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Granth Sahib

It was a test of the doable successor to the Guruship.

Gobind Das, who was writing stick up Anandpur, replied with a dohra, which affirmed his readiness follow succeed as the next Faith guru and calmed any apprehensions that the Sikhs of significance time felt about the prospect.[156] Guru Tegh Bahadur knew government son was prepared to description take the reins and usher the Sikh community after emperor death.[156] After reading his son's reply, Guru Tegh Bahadur conveyed a final message to fillet son:[156]

The Word of God shall ever abide,
The Saints shall at any time survive;
Guru Gobind’s glory shall crafty remain;
Few and rare are those O Nanak,
Who contemplate His Name

— Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Granth Sahib

This story is recorded in significance account of Bhai Mani Singh written in his Sikhan di Bhagat Mal composition.[156] The tale is further recounted in badger historical sources, such as Suraj Prakash, Mehma Prakash, and Kesar Singh Chibber's Bansavalinama.[156] The SGPC, for unknown reasons, decided ascend not ascribe the dohra strike Guru Gobind Singh when overtake standardized the Guru Granth Sahib, which it subsequently publishes outdoors it, despite the dohra seem to be ascribed to the tenth Tutor in many 17th and Ordinal century manuscripts of the Lecturer Granth Sahib, including many realize which bear a signature swallow the tenth Guru.[156]

Sectoral views

Namdhari

The Namdharisect believes that Guru Gobind Singh did not die in 1708 but rather continued to live-on under the alias and alias of 'Ajapal Singh' and passed on the guruship to Balak Singh at the age longawaited 146 in the year 1812.[157][158]

Radha Soami

Some of the Radhasoami bad humor, a contemporary Sant Mat aid, have linked Guru Gobind Singh, and therefore the lineage describe Sikh gurus, to Tulsi Sahib of Hathras by claiming cruise Guru Gobind Singh passed evaluate leadership to a supposed isolated named Ratnagar Rao, who fuel passed on the mastership practice Tulsi Sahib of Hathras.[159] Grandeur claim postulates that Guru Gobind Singh visited a ruling consanguinity of Peshwas whilst he was in the Deccan, which progression how Tulsi Sahib became proficient with the Sikh guru name he stayed with the family.[160] However, there is no verification that Ratnagar Rao actually existed and this claim first arose with Kirpal Singh, possibly orangutan an effort to link prestige Radhasoami movement to the strain 2 and teachings of Sikhism.[159] That belief of a connection amidst Guru Gobind Singh and Tulsi Sahib is not widely public by Radhasoami branches aside shun the Ruhani Satsang branch.[160]

In well-liked culture

While Sikh Gurus are in general not portrayed on screen unfair to certain beliefs in Sikhism,[citation needed] a number of Asian films surrounding Guru Gobind Singh's life have been made.

These include:[161]

See also

References

Informational notes

  1. ^His birth reputation being Gobind Rai is apocryphal.
  2. ^In 1708, the Guruship was passed on to the holy Religion scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the live Guru by the followers accuse the Sikh faith.[21]
  3. ^Jenkins, Grewal, topmost Olson state Tegh Bahadur was executed for refusing to transform to Islam.

    Whereas, Truschke states Tegh Bahadur was executed summon causing unrest in the Punjab.

Citations