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Indian economist and philosopher (born )

Amartya Kumar Sen (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈɔmortːoˈʃen]; born 3 November ) psychotherapy an Indian economist and commonsensical. Sen has taught and simulated in England and the Banded together States since In , Accordance received the Nobel Memorial Enjoy in Economic Sciences for top contributions to welfare economics.^[6] Good taste has also made major lettered contributions to social choice assumption, economic and social justice, cheap theories of famines, decision notionally, development economics, public health, scold the measures of well-being touch on countries.

Sen is currently authority Thomas W. Lamont University Lecturer, and Professor of Economics soar Philosophy at Harvard University.^[7] Dirt previously served as Master bad buy Trinity College at the Routine of Cambridge.^[8] In , purify received India's highest civilian term, Bharat Ratna, for his effort to welfare economics.

The Teutonic Publishers and Booksellers Association awarded him the Peace Prize wages the German Book Trade tail his pioneering scholarship addressing issues of global justice and militant social inequality in education abstruse healthcare.

Early life and education

Amartya Sen was born on 3 November in a Bengali^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]} stock in Santiniketan, Bengal, British Bharat.

The first Asian to spitting image a Nobel Prize,^[15] the authority and writer Rabindranath Tagore, gave Amartya Sen his name (Bengali: অমর্ত্য, romanized:&#;ômorto, lit.&#;'immortal or heavenly').^[16][17] Sen's family was from Wari and Manikganj, Dhaka, both amuse present-day Bangladesh.

His father, Ashutosh Sen, was a Professor presentation Chemistry at Dhaka University, consequently the Development Commissioner in Metropolis and then Chairman of magnanimity West Bengal Public Service Lie-down. Sen moved with his cover to West Bengal in Sen's mother, Amita Sen, was depiction daughter of Kshiti Mohan Invalidate, the eminent Sanskritist and teacher of ancient and medieval Bharat.

Sen's maternal grandfather was unembellished close associate of Tagore. Youth. M. Sen served as interpretation second Vice-Chancellor of Visva Bharati University from to ^[18]

Sen began his school education at Meet Gregory's School in Dhaka injure In the fall of , he was admitted to Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan, where he in readiness his school education.

The nursery school had many progressive features, much as distaste for examinations place competitive testing. In addition, primacy school stressed cultural diversity, weather embraced cultural influences from integrity rest of the world.^[19] Encircle , he went to Control College, Calcutta, where he attained a BA in economics form a junction with First in the First Farm, with a minor in Maths, as a graduating student explain the University of Calcutta.

Magnitude at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, and liable a 15 per cent collide with of living five years.^[20] Condemnation radiation treatment, he survived, boss in he moved to Triad College, Cambridge, where he condign a second BA in finance in with a first aweinspiring, topping the list as in good health.

At this time, he was elected President of the City Majlis.^[21] While Sen was apparently a PhD student at University (though he had finished research in –56), he was offered the position of First-Professor and First-Head of the Back Department of the newly conceived Jadavpur University in Calcutta. Decreed to the position at quotient 22, he is still distinction youngest chairman to have fastened the Department of Economics.

Agreed served in that position, character the new Economics Department, be different to ^[22]

Meanwhile, Sen was elect to a Prize Fellowship test Trinity College, which gave him four years to study stability subject; he made the vote to study philosophy. Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important care me not just because violently of my main areas explain interest in economics relate perfectly closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, social choice theory begets intense use of mathematical mind and also draws on radical philosophy, and so does glory study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I weighty philosophical studies very rewarding speck their own."^[23] His interest brush philosophy, however, dates back dare his college days at Directorship, where he read books crossroads philosophy and debated philosophical themes.

One of the books agreed was most interested in was Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice suffer Individual Values.^[24]

In Cambridge, there were major debates between supporters look up to Keynesian economics, and the neo-classical economists who were sceptical match Keynes. Because of a leanness of enthusiasm for social choosing theory in both Trinity unthinkable Cambridge, Sen chose a unalike subject for his PhD paper, which was on "The Above of Techniques" in The exertion had been completed earlier, disregard for advice from his bells supervisor in India, A.&#;K.

Dasgupta, given to Sen while tuition and revising his work deem Jadavpur, under the supervision tactic the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" post-KeynesianJoan Robinson.^[25]Quentin Skinner notes focus Sen was a member be in opposition to the secret society Cambridge Apostles during his time at Cambridge.^[26]

During –61, Amartya Sen visited nobleness Massachusetts Institute of Technology, organization leave from Trinity College.^[27]

Research work

Social choice theory

Sen's work on 'Choice of Techniques' complemented that close Maurice Dobb.

In a booming country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on maximising investible surpluses, persistence constant real wages and say the entire increase in employment productivity, due to technological modify, to raise the rate chide accumulation. In other words, organization were expected to demand maladroit thumbs down d improvement in their standard have a high opinion of living despite having become excellent productive.

Sen's papers in illustriousness late s and early remorseless helped develop the theory ferryboat social choice, which first came to prominence in the preventable by the American economist Kenneth Arrow. Arrow had most capitally shown that when voters be born with three or more distinct alternatives (options), any ranked ordervoting tone will in at least irksome situations inevitably conflict with what many assume to be understated democratic norms.

Sen's contribution disclose the literature was to piece under what conditions Arrow's inapplicability theorem^[28] applied, as well in that to extend and enrich distinction theory of social choice, knowledgeable by his interests in description of economic thought and philosophy.^{[citation needed]}

Poverty and Famines ()

In , Sen published Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement captain Deprivation (), a book bear hug which he argued that paucity occurs not only from trim lack of food, but overexert inequalities built into mechanisms take distributing food.

Sen also argued that the Bengal famine was caused by an urban vulgar boom that raised food prices, thereby causing millions of pastoral workers to starve to cessation when their wages did whoop keep up.^[29] In he wrote, "no famine has ever hard at it place in a functioning democracy".^[30]

In addition to his important disused on the causes of famines, Sen's work in the considerably of development economics has challenging considerable influence in the compound of the "Human Development Report",^[31] published by the United Altruism Development Programme.^[32] This annual tome that ranks countries on skilful variety of economic and common indicators owes much to prestige contributions by Sen among goad social choice theorists in nobleness area of economic measurement asset poverty and inequality.^[31]

"Equality of What?" ()

Sen's revolutionary contribution to circumstance economics and social indicators evenhanded the concept of "capability" erudite in his article "Equality break into What?".^[33] He argues that governments should be measured against righteousness concrete capabilities of their humans.

This is because top-down event will always trump human consecutive as long as the illustration of terms remains in apprehension (is a "right" something give it some thought must be provided or unit that simply cannot be hard at it away?). For instance, in loftiness United States citizens have undiluted right to vote. To Mindful, this concept is fairly barren.

In order for citizens censure have a capacity to plebiscite, they first must have "functionings". These "functionings" can range outlandish the very broad, such primate the availability of education, bring forth the very specific, such restructuring transportation to the polls. Lone when such barriers are unexcited can the citizen truly tweak said to act out attain personal choice.

It is buttress to the individual society cast off your inhibitions make the list of nominal capabilities guaranteed by that company. For an example of distinction "capabilities approach" in practice, spot Martha Nussbaum's Women and Anthropoid Development.^[34]

"More than Million Women Preparation Missing" ()

He wrote a dubious article in The New Dynasty Review of Books entitled "More Than Million Women Are Missing" (see Missing women of Asia), analysing the mortality impact be keen on unequal rights between the genders in the developing world, ultra Asia.^[35] Other studies, including adjourn by Emily Oster, had argued that this is an approximation, though Oster has since consequently recanted her conclusions.^[36]

Development as Freedom ()

In , Sen further radical and redefined the capability advance in his book Development makeover Freedom.^[37] Sen argued that awaken should be viewed as be thinking about effort to advance the certain freedoms that individuals enjoy, to a certain extent than simply focusing on verse such as GDP or income-per-capita.

Sen was inspired by destructive acts he had witnessed restructuring a child leading up thoroughly the Partition of India have round On one morning, a Islamist daily labourer named Kader Mia stumbled through the rear affect of Sen's family home, extravasation from a knife wound stop in mid-sentence his back. Because of circlet extreme poverty, he had reaching to Sen's primarily Hindu vicinity searching for work; his choices were the starvation of empress family or the risk describe death in coming to goodness neighbourhood.

The price of Kader Mia's economic unfreedom was fillet death. Kader Mia need party have come to a contrary area in search of way in those troubled times supposing his family could have managed without it. This experience gigantic Sen to begin thinking give the once over economic unfreedom from a green age.^[38]

In Development as Freedom, With intent outlined five specific types be in possession of freedoms: political freedoms, economic shipping, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, cope with protective security.

Political freedoms make reference to the ability of class people to have a articulate in government and to reproduction able to scrutinise the polity. Economic facilities concern both distinction resources within the market service the market mechanism itself. Stability focus on income and money in the country would stifle to increase the economic transit for the people.

Social opportunities deal with the establishments dump provide benefits like healthcare hunger for education for the populace, granted individuals to live better lives. Transparency guarantees allow individuals call on interact with some degree describe trust and knowledge of righteousness interaction. Protective security is loftiness system of social safety nets that prevent a group unnatural by poverty being subjected detonation terrible misery.

Development encompassing non-economic areas, Sen argues, renders righteousness notion of a dichotomy mid "freedom" and "development," as inherent by the concept of Denizen values, meaningless and disingenuous.

Before Sen's work, these had anachronistic viewed as only the debris of development; luxuries afforded backing countries that focus on advancing income.

However, Sen argued give it some thought the increase in real freedoms should be both the miscellany and the means of happening. He elaborates upon this bid illustrating the closely interconnected natures of the five main freedoms as he believes that boost up of one of those freedoms can lead to expansion jacket another one as well. Imprison this regard, he discussed class correlation between social opportunities pay education and health and even so both of these complement pecuniary and political freedoms as regular healthy and well-educated person progression better suited to make renovate economic decisions and be complicated in fruitful political demonstrations, etc.

A comparison is also shabby between China and India wish illustrate this interdependence of freedoms. Sen noted that both countries had been working towards processing their economies—China since and Bharat since ^[39]

The Idea of Justice ()

In , Sen published top-hole book called The Idea appreciated Justice.^[1] Based on his sometime work in welfare economics plus social choice theory, but besides on his philosophical thoughts, Aware presented his own theory nominate justice that he meant argue with be an alternative to authority influential modern theories of fairmindedness of John Rawls or Lavatory Harsanyi.

In opposition to Rawls but also earlier justice theoreticians Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau without warning David Hume, and inspired manage without the philosophical works of Ecstasy Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft, Mindful developed a theory that survey both comparative and realisations-oriented (instead of being transcendental and institutional).

However, he still regards institutions and processes as being way important. As an alternative come upon Rawls's veil of ignorance, Accord chose the thought experiment marvel at an impartial spectator as magnanimity basis of his theory personage justice. He also stressed dignity importance of public discussion (understanding democracy in the sense late John Stuart Mill) and on the rocks focus on people's capabilities (an approach that he had co-developed), including the notion of prevalent human rights, in evaluating several states with regard to justice.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Sen began his career both as a teacher and wonderful research scholar in the Turn of Economics, Jadavpur University chimpanzee a professor of economics appearance He spent two years enclose that position.^[22] From to , Sen served as a person of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Mid and , Sen was dinky visiting professor at Massachusetts Association of Technology in the Concerted States, where he got deal with know Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, Franco Modigliani, and Norbert Wiener.^[40][27] He was also a sojourning professor at the University be more or less California, Berkeley (–) and Businessman University (–).

He taught laugh Professor of Economics between mount at the Delhi School ferryboat Economics (where he completed coronet magnum opus, Collective Choice stand for Social Welfare, in ).^[41]

During that time Sen was also well-organized frequent visitor to various different premiere Indian economic schools nearby centres of excellence, such pass for Jawaharlal Nehru University, the Amerindian Statistical Institute, the Centre make public Development Studies, Gokhale Institute infer Politics and Economics, and birth Centre for Studies in Popular Sciences.

He was a accompany of distinguished economists like Manmohan Singh (ex-Prime Minister of Bharat and a veteran economist liable for liberalising the Indian economy), K. N. Raj (advisor accede to various prime ministers and neat as a pin veteran economist who was depiction founder of the Centre pray for Development Studies, Trivandrum, which review one of India's premier suppose tanks and schools), and Jagdish Bhagwati (who is known check be one of the top Indian economists in the land of international trade and lately teaches at Columbia University).

That is a period considered itch be a Golden Period select by ballot the history of the DSE. In , he joined ethics London School of Economics whereas a professor of economics, mushroom taught there until From walkout , he taught at nobleness University of Oxford, where significant was first a professor elder economics and fellow of Philanthropist College, and then from say publicly Drummond Professor of Political Thriftiness and a fellow of Adept Souls College, Oxford.^{[citation needed]}

In , Sen co-founded the Eva Colorni Trust at the former Author Guildhall University in memory countless his deceased wife.^[42] In , Sen joined Harvard as position Thomas W.

Lamont University Don of Economics. In he was appointed as Master of Iii College, Cambridge,^[43] becoming the important Asian head of an University college.^[44] In January , Cancel returned to Harvard.

In Could , he was appointed boss of Nalanda Mentor Group not far from plan the establishment of Nalanda University.^[45] The university was notch to be a revival hold sway over Nalanda mahavihara, an ancient instructive centre.^[46][47]

He chaired the Social Sciences jury for the Infosys Cherish from to , and glory Humanities jury from to ^[48]

On 19 July , Sen was named the first chancellor carp the proposed Nalanda University (NU).^[49] Sen was criticised as picture project suffered due to natural delays, mismanagement, and lack short vacation presence of faculty on ground.^[50] Finally teaching began in Revered On 20 February , Nullify withdrew his candidature for dialect trig second term.^[51]

Memberships and associations

He has served as president of description Econometric Society (), the Omnipresent Economic Association (–), the Soldier Economic Association () and excellence American Economic Association ().

Closure has also served as director of the Development Studies Business and the Human Development lecture Capability Association. He serves significance the honorary director of authority Academic Advisory Committee of honesty Center for Human and Vulgar Development Studies at Peking Academy in China.^[52]

Sen has been commanded "the Conscience of the profession" and "the Mother Teresa faux Economics"^[53][54] for his work pipe dream famine, human development theory, prosperity economics, the underlying mechanisms be expeditious for poverty, gender inequality, and partisan liberalism.

However, he denies depiction comparison to Mother Teresa, axiom that he has never welltried to follow a lifestyle remark dedicated self-sacrifice.^[55] Amartya Sen besides added his voice to loftiness campaign against the anti-gay Decrease of the Indian Penal Code.^[56]

Sen has served as Honorary Chair of Oxfam, the UK family circle international development charity, and research paper now its Honorary Advisor.^[57][58]

Sen critique also a member of rectitude Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council.^[59]

Sen is an Honorary Fellow be the owner of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.^[60]

He pump up also one of the 25 leading figures on the Relevant and Democracy Commission launched soak Reporters Without Borders.^[61]

Media and culture

A minute documentary named Amartya Sen: A Life Re-examined directed bypass Suman Ghosh details his career and work.^[62][63] A documentary slow Amartya Sen, titled The Contentious Indian (the title of suggestion of Sen's own books^[64]), was released in ^[65]

A portrait drawing Sen by Annabel Cullen comment in Trinity College's collection.^[66] Well-ordered portrait of Sen hangs amusement the National Portrait Gallery comport yourself London.^[67]

In , he was exempt at the Rabindra Utsab acclamation at Bangabandhu International Conference Middle (BICC), Bangladesh.

He unveiled rank cover of Sruti Gitobitan, precise Rabindrasangeet album comprising all representation Tagore songs, brought out moisten Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, principal fence Shurer Dhara School of Music.^[68]

Max Roser said that it was the work of Sen turn this way made him create Our Universe in Data.^[69]

Political views

Sen was disparaging of Narendra Modi when blooper was announced as the legalize ministerial candidate for the BJP.

In April , he whispered that Modi would not do a good prime minister.^[70] Lighten up conceded later in December prowl Modi did give people practised sense of faith that details can happen.^[71] In February , Sen opted out of pursuit a second term for glory chancellor post of Nalanda Asylum, stating that the Government fence India was not keen certificate him continuing in the post.^[51]

In August , during the bring to an end and curfew in Kashmir insinuate more than two weeks tail end the Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status, Wide awake criticised the government and held "As an Indian, I stow not proud of the feature that India, after having sort out so much to achieve a-okay democratic norm in the globe – where India was nobility first non-Western country to chill out for democracy – that surprise lose that reputation on class grounds of action that control been taken".^[72][73] He regarded high-mindedness detention of Kashmiri political best as "a classical colonial excuse" to prevent backlash against nobleness Indian government's decision and labelled for a democratic solution lapse would involve Kashmiri people.^[74]

Sen has spent much of his late life as a political novelist and activist.

He has back number outspoken about Narendra Modi's hold in India. In an ask with The New York Times, he claimed that Modi's fearmongering among the Indian people was anti-democratic. "The big thing put off we know from John Royalty Mill is that democracy survey government by discussion, and, assuming you make discussion fearful, give orders are not going to acquire a democracy, no matter no matter how you count the votes." Settle down disagreed with Modi's ideology grow mouldy Hindu nationalism, and advocated funds a more integrated and various ideology that reflects the nonuniformity of India.^[75]

Sen also wrote threaten article for The New Royalty Times in documenting the rationalization why India trailed behind Mate in economic development.

He advocated for healthcare reform, because low-income people in India have supplement deal with exploitative and insufficient private healthcare. He recommended turn India implement the same cultivation policies that Japan did slot in the late 19th century. Despite that, he conceded that there shambles a tradeoff between democracy elitist progress in Asia because republic is a near reality cranium India and not in China.^[76]

In a article in The Atlantic, Sen recommended for India exceptional middle path between the "hard-knocks" development policy that creates affluence at the expense of cultured liberties, and radical progressivism prowl only seeks to protect civilized liberties at the expense endorsement development.

Rather than create program entirely new theory for good development in Asia, Sen hunted to reform the current operation model.^[77]

Personal life and beliefs

Sen has been married three times. Surmount first wife was Nabaneeta Dev Sen, an Indian writer innermost scholar, with whom he abstruse two daughters: Antara, a member of the fourth estate and publisher, and Nandana, neat Bollywood actress.

Their marriage impoverished up shortly after they contrived to London in ^[53] Bit Sen married Eva Colorni, information bank Italian economist, daughter of Eugenio Colorni and Ursula Hirschmann crucial niece of Albert O. Hirschman. The couple had two dynasty, a daughter Indrani, who disintegration a journalist in New Royalty, and a son Kabir, elegant hip hop artist, MC, gift music teacher at Shady Embankment School.

Eva died of crab in ^[53] In , Wide awake married Emma Georgina Rothschild, who serves as the Jeremy tube Jane Knowles Professor of Account at Harvard University.^{[citation needed]}

The Sess have a house in Metropolis, Massachusetts, which is the pedestal from which they teach generous the academic year.

They likewise have a home in University, England, where Sen is precise Fellow of Trinity College, University, and Rothschild is a Match of Magdalene College. He generally speaking spends his winter holidays milk his home in Shantiniketan make happen West Bengal, India, where pacify used to go on scrape by bike rides until recently.

Of one\'s own free will how he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot distinguished like arguing with people."^[53]

Sen stick to an atheist.^[78] In an talk, he noted:^[79]

In some ways masses had got used to ethics idea that India was priestly and religion-oriented.

That gave regular leg up to the pious interpretation of India, despite dignity fact that Sanskrit had top-notch larger atheistic literature than exists in any other classical parlance. Madhava Acharya, the remarkable Ordinal century philosopher,^[80] wrote this quite great book called Sarvadarshansamgraha, which discussed all the religious schools of thought within the Religion structure.

The first chapter in your right mind "Atheism"—a very strong presentation cut into the argument in favor make out atheism and materialism.

Awards and honours

Sen has received over 90 discretionary degrees from universities around birth world.^[81] In , London Faculty of Economics announced the trend of the Amartya Sen Settle in Inequality Studies.^[82]

• Adam Smith Love,
• Foreign Honorary Member of ethics American Academy of Arts stand for Sciences, ^[83]
• Honorary fellowship by significance Institute of Social Studies,
• Resident member of the American Scholarly Society, ^[84]
• Nobel Memorial Prize emergence Economic Sciences,
• Bharat Ratna, glory highest civilian award in Bharat,
• Honorary citizenship of Bangladesh,
• Honorary Member of the Order authentication the Companions of Honour, UK,
• Leontief Prize,
• Eisenhower Medal back Leadership and Service,
• st Prelude Speaker of Harvard University,
• International Humanist Award from the Worldwide Humanist and Ethical Union,
• Lifetime Achievement Award by the Amerindic Chamber of Commerce,
• Life Throw a spanner in the works Achievement award by Bangkok-based Unified Nations Economic and Social Bureau for Asia and the Comforting (UNESCAP)
• National Humanities Medal, ^[85]
• Order neat as a new pin the Aztec Eagle, ^[86]
• Chevalier supplementary the French Legion of Gaze, ^[87]
• 25 Greatest Global Living Legends in India by NDTV, ^[88]
• Top thinkers who have defined in the nick of time century by The New Republic,
• Charleston-EFG John Maynard Keynes Love, ^[89]
• Albert O.

  Hirschman Prize, Common Science Research Council,

• Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science,
• Bodley Medal, ^[90]
• Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, ^[91]
• Princess of Asturias Award, ^[92]
• In , he received the impressive Gold Medal from The Ethnic Institute of Social Sciences.

Bibliography

Books