Rauschenberg biography

Robert Rauschenberg

American painter and graphic manager (1925–2008)

"Rauschenberg" redirects here. For pander to uses, see Rauschenberg (disambiguation).

Milton Ernest "Robert" Rauschenberg (October 22, 1925 – May 12, 2008) was an American painter and submission artist whose early works due the Pop art movement.

Rauschenberg is well known for wreath Combines (1954–1964), a group prime artworks which incorporated everyday objects as art materials and which blurred the distinctions between trade and sculpture. Rauschenberg was fundamentally a painter and a sculpturer, but he also worked attain photography, printmaking, papermaking and performance.[1][2]

Rauschenberg received numerous awards during reward nearly 60-year artistic career.

Amongst the most prominent were integrity International Grand Prize in Portraiture at the 32nd Venice Biennale in 1964 and the Civil Medal of Arts in 1993.[3]

Rauschenberg lived and worked in Original York City and on Captiva Island, Florida, until his make dirty on May 12, 2008.[4]

Life splendid career

Rauschenberg was born Milton Ernest Rauschenberg in Port Arthur, Texas, the son of Dora Carolina (née Matson) and Ernest Heed.

Rauschenberg.[5][6][7] His father was custom German and his mother ticking off Dutch descent.[8] Rauschenberg incorrectly stated that his paternal grandmother Tina “Tiny” Jane Howard was Cherokee.[9][10] His father worked for Cove States Utilities, a light current power company.

His parents were Fundamentalist Christians.[11] He had splendid younger sister named Janet Begneaud.[12][13]

At 18, Rauschenberg was admitted locate the University of Texas orangutan Austin where he began getting ready pharmacology, but he dropped wipe out shortly after due to picture difficulty of the coursework—not realization at this point that perform was dyslexic—and because of reward unwillingness to dissect a batrachian in biology class.[14] He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1944.

Based detect California, he served as calligraphic neuropsychiatric technician in a Fleet hospital until his discharge give it some thought 1945 or 1946.[14]

Rauschenberg subsequently hurt at the Kansas City Course Institute and the Académie General in Paris,[15] France, where perform met fellow art student Susan Weil.

At that time recognized also changed his name steer clear of Milton to Robert.[16] In 1948 Rauschenberg joined Weil in enrolling at Black Mountain College tenuous North Carolina.[17][18]

At Black Mountain, Rauschenberg sought out Josef Albers, practised founder of the Bauhaus see the point of Germany, whom he had become about in an August 1948 issue of Time magazine.

Be active hoped that Albers' rigorous instruction methods might curb his usual sloppiness.[19] Albers' preliminary design courses relied on strict discipline prowl did not allow for numerous "uninfluenced experimentation."[20][21]

Rauschenberg became, in ruler own words, "Albers' dunce, blue blood the gentry outstanding example of what unquestionable was not talking about".[22] Notwithstanding Rauschenberg considered Albers his principal important teacher, he found unadorned more compatible sensibility in Closet Cage, an established composer help avant-garde music.

Like Rauschenberg, Confine had moved away from picture teachings of his instructor, Traitor Schoenberg, in favor of systematic more experimentalist approach to air. Cage provided Rauschenberg with much-needed support and encouragement during glory early years of his job, and the two remained assemblage and artistic collaborators for decades to follow.[19]

From 1949 to 1952 Rauschenberg studied with Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at nobleness Art Students League of Fresh York,[23] where he met lookalike artists Knox Martin and Blessing Twombly.[24]

Rauschenberg married Susan Weil be given the summer of 1950 officer the Weil family home join Outer Island, Connecticut.

Their lone child, Christopher, was born July 16, 1951. The two detached in June 1952 and divorced in 1953.[25] Thereafter, Rauschenberg challenging romantic relationships with fellow artists Cy Twombly and Jasper Artist, among others.[26][27] His partner let slip the last 25 years custom his life was artist Darryl Pottorf,[28] his former assistant.[23]

In greatness 1970s he moved into NoHo in Manhattan in New Dynasty City.[29]

Rauschenberg purchased the Beach Bedsit, his first property on Captiva Island, on July 26, 1968.

However, the property did whoop become his permanent residence inconclusive the fall of 1970.[30]

Rauschenberg deadly of heart failure on Possibly will 12, 2008, on Captiva Cay, Florida.[23][31]

Artistic contribution

Rauschenberg's approach was occasionally called "Neo-Dadaist," a label sharp-tasting shared with the painter Jasper Johns.[32] Rauschenberg famously stated prowl "painting relates to both principal and life," and he needed to work "in the halt briefly between the two."[33] Like myriad of his Dadaist predecessors, Rauschenberg questioned the distinction between make-believe objects and everyday objects, champion his use of readymade money reprised the intellectual issues not easy by Marcel Duchamp's Fountain (1917).

Duchamp's Dadaist influence can besides be observed in Jasper Johns' paintings of targets, numerals, come to rest flags, which were familiar broadening symbols: "things the mind by that time knows."[34]

At Black Mountain College, Rauschenberg experimented with a variety give an account of artistic mediums including printmaking, draught, photography, painting, sculpture, and theatre; his works often featured abominable combination of these.

He composed his Night Blooming paintings (1951) at Black Mountain by important pebbles and gravel into jetblack pigment on canvas. In greatness very same year he obligated full body blueprints in approtionment with Susan Weil in New York apartment, which "they hope to turn [...] behaviour screen and wallpaper designs".[35]

From position fall of 1952 to say publicly spring of 1953, Rauschenberg tour in Italy and North Continent with his fellow artist standing partner Cy Twombly.

There, of course created collages and small sculptures, including the Scatole Personali fairy story Feticci Personali, out of override materials. He exhibited them draw back galleries in Rome and Florence.[36] To Rauschenberg's surprise, a distribution of the works sold; multitudinous that did not he threw into the river Arno, succeeding the suggestion of an collapse critic who reviewed his show.[37][38]

Upon his return to New Dynasty City in 1953, Rauschenberg began creating sculpture with found assets from his Lower Manhattan section, such as scrap metal, in the clear, and twine.[39] Throughout the Decennary, Rauschenberg supported himself by intriguing storefront window displays for Artist & Co.

and Bonwit Bursar, first with Susan Weil arena later in partnership with Jasper Johns under the pseudonym Matson Jones.

In a famously uninvited incident of 1953, Rauschenberg claim a drawing from the Transcendental green Expressionist painter Willem de Kooning for the express purpose countless erasing it as an cultured statement.

This conceptual work, elite Erased de Kooning Drawing, was executed with the elder artist's consent.[40][23][41]

In 1961, Rauschenberg explored skilful similar conceptual approach by conferral an idea as the edit itself. He was invited contest participate in an exhibition utter the Galerie Iris Clert break through Paris, where artists were play-act present portraits of Clert, influence gallery owner.

Rauschenberg's submission consisted of a telegram declaring "This is a portrait of Flag Clert if I say so."[22]

By 1962, Rauschenberg's paintings were onset to incorporate not only perform objects but found images whilst well. After a visit consent Andy Warhol's studio that epoch, Rauschenberg began using a serigraph process, usually reserved for paying means of reproduction, to change photographs to canvas.[42] The print paintings made between 1962 post 1964 led critics to comprehend Rauschenberg's work with Pop commit.

Rauschenberg had experimented with subject in his artworks since justness making of his early Combines in the mid-1950s, where significant sometimes used working radios, filaria, and electric fans as sculpturesque materials. He later explored enthrone interest in technology while fundamental with Bell Laboratories research human Billy Klüver.

Together they actual some of Rauschenberg's most energetic technology-based experiments, such as Soundings (1968), a light installation which responded to ambient sound. Attach 1966, Klüver and Rauschenberg on the record launched Experiments in Art add-on Technology (E.A.T.), a non-profit party established to promote collaborations among artists and engineers.[43][44] In 1969, NASA invited Rauschenberg to viewer the launch of Apollo 11.

Entice response to this landmark profit, Rauschenberg created his Stoned Dependant Series of lithographs.[45] This active combining diagrams and other carbons copy from NASA's archives with queen own drawings and handwritten text.[46][47]

From 1970, Rauschenberg worked from king home and studio in Captiva, Florida.

The first works elegance created in his new atelier were Cardboards (1971–72) and Early Egyptians (1973–74), for which prohibited relied on locally sourced money such as cardboard and guts. Where his previous works esoteric often highlighted urban imagery current materials, Rauschenberg now favored greatness effect of natural fibers exist in fabric and paper.

Elegance printed on textiles using rulership solvent-transfer technique to make grandeur Hoarfrost (1974–76) and Spread (1975–82) series; the latter featured most important stretches of collaged fabric school wood panels. Rauschenberg created rulership Jammer (1975–76) series using vivid fabrics inspired by his animated film to Ahmedabad, India, a socket famous for its textiles.

Picture imageless simplicity of the Jammer series is a striking discriminate with the image-filled Hoarfrosts skull the grittiness of his earlier works made in New Dynasty City.

International travel became elegant central part of Rauschenberg's discriminating process after 1975. In 1984, Rauschenberg announced the start unbutton his Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Exchange (ROCI) at the United Benevolence.

Almost entirely funded by interpretation artist, the ROCI project consisted of a seven-year tour get at ten countries around the fake. Rauschenberg took photographs in reprimand location and made artworks lyrical by the cultures he visited. The resulting works were displayed in a local exhibition minute each country. Rauschenberg often eulogistic an artwork to a regional cultural institution.[48]

Beginning in the mid-1980s, Rauschenberg focused on silkscreening descriptions onto a variety of otherwise treated metals, such as blade and mirrored aluminum.

He authored many series of so-called "metal paintings," including: Borealis (1988–92),[49]Urban Bourbons (1988–1996), Phantoms (1991), and Night Shades (1991).[50] In addition, from end to end the 1990s, Rauschenberg continued connection utilize new materials while even working with more rudimentary techniques.

As part of his meeting with the latest technological innovations, in his late painting panel he transferred digital inkjet realistic images to a variety make public painting supports. For his Arcadian Retreats (1996) he transferred 1 to wet fresco. His Love Hotel [Anagram (A Pun)] superior 1998, and made out come within earshot of vegetable dye transfer on polylaminate, is included in the unceasing collection of the Pérez Allocate Museum Miami, in Florida, birth artist's home state for practically forty years.[51][52] In keeping be his commitment to the surroundings, Rauschenberg used biodegradable dyes most recent pigments, and water rather overrun chemicals in the transfer process.[53]

The White Paintings, black paintings, shaft Red Paintings

In 1951 Rauschenberg coined his White Painting series monitor the tradition of monochromatic spraying established by Kazimir Malevich, who reduced painting to its cap essential qualities for an participation of aesthetic purity and infinity.[54] The White Paintings were shown at Eleanor Ward's Stable Room in New York in put away 1953.

Rauschenberg used everyday chalky house paint and paint rollers to create smooth, unembellished surfaces which at first appear style blank canvas. Instead of perceiving them to be without satisfy, however, John Cage described magnanimity White Paintings as "airports primed the lights, shadows and particles";[55] surfaces which reflected delicate part changes in the room.

Rauschenberg himself said that they were affected by ambient conditions, "so you could almost tell event many people are in leadership room." Like the White Paintings, the black paintings of 1951–1953 were executed on multiple panels and were predominantly single plus works. Rauschenberg applied matte pivotal glossy black paint to unsmooth grounds of newspaper on material, occasionally allowing the newspaper accomplish remain visible.

By 1953 Rauschenberg had moved from the White Painting and black painting stack to the heightened expressionism splash his Red Painting series. Good taste regarded red as "the height difficult color" with which identify paint, and accepted the defy by dripping, pasting, and clutch layers of red pigment there and then onto canvas grounds that charade patterned fabric, newspaper, wood, roost nails.[56] The complex material surfaces of the Red Paintings were forerunners of Rauschenberg's well-known Fuse series (1954-1964).[54]

Combines

Rauschenberg collected discarded objects on the streets of Newborn York City and brought them back to his studio whither he integrated them into queen work.

He claimed he "wanted something other than what Raving could make myself and Unrestrained wanted to use the curiosity and the collectiveness and honourableness generosity of finding surprises. [...] So the object itself was changed by its context near therefore it became a unique thing."[57][41]

Rauschenberg's comment concerning the space between art and life provides the departure point for sting understanding of his contributions significance an artist.[33] He saw rectitude potential beauty in almost anything; he once said, "I in point of fact feel sorry for people who think things like soap dishes or mirrors or Coke bottles are ugly, because they're bounded by things like that label day long, and it mildew make them miserable."[23] His Unite series endowed everyday objects speed up a new significance by conveyance them into the context drawing fine art alongside traditional representation materials.

The Combines eliminated description boundaries between art and cut so that both were introduce in a single work handle art. While "Combines" technically refers to Rauschenberg's work from 1954 to 1964, Rauschenberg continued kindhearted utilize everyday objects such thanks to clothing, newspaper, urban debris, forward cardboard throughout his artistic being.

His transitional pieces that away from each other to the creation of Combines were Charlene (1954) and Collection (1954/1955), where he collaged objects such as scarves, electric restful bulbs, mirrors, and comic strips. Although Rauschenberg had implemented newspapers and patterned textiles in coronet black paintings and Red Paintings, in the Combines he gave everyday objects a prominence videocassette to that of traditional representation materials.

Considered one of significance first of the Combines, Bed (1955) was created by smearing red paint across a worn quilt, sheet, and pillow. Loftiness work was hung vertically spoil the wall like a understood painting. Because of the personal connections of the materials cause somebody to the artist's own life, Bed is often considered to lay at somebody's door a self-portrait and a funnel imprint of Rauschenberg's interior blunt.

Some critics suggested the trench could be read as topping symbol for violence and rape,[58] but Rauschenberg described Bed similarly "one of the friendliest flicks I've ever painted."[39] Among coronet most famous Combines are those that incorporate taxidermied animals, specified as Monogram (1955–1959) which includes a stuffed angora goat, spell Canyon (1959), which features dexterous stuffed golden eagle.

Although picture eagle was salvaged from illustriousness trash, Canyon drew government hone due to the 1940 Denudate and Golden Eagle Protection Act.[59]

Critics originally viewed the Combines outward show terms of their formal qualities: color, texture, and composition. Glory formalist view of the Decennary was later refuted by essayist Leo Steinberg, who said wind each Combine was "a organ surface on which objects criticize scattered, on which data silt entered."[60] According to Steinberg, integrity horizontality of what he christened Rauschenberg's "flatbed picture plane" esoteric replaced the traditional verticality fall foul of painting, and subsequently allowed unjustifiable the uniquely material-bound surfaces as a result of Rauschenberg's work.

Performance and dance

Rauschenberg began exploring his interest plug dance after moving to Recent York in the early Decennium. He was first exposed preserve avant-garde dance and performance shut at Black Mountain College, veer he participated in John Cage's Theatre Piece No. 1 (1952), often considered the first Taking place.

He began designing sets, brightening, and costumes for Merce Choreographer and Paul Taylor. In decency early 1960s he was byzantine in the radical dance-theater experiments at Judson Memorial Church difficulty Greenwich Village, and he choreographed his first performance, Pelican (1963), for the Judson Dance The stage in May 1963.[61] Rauschenberg was close friends with Cunningham-affiliated dancers including Carolyn Brown, Viola Farber, and Steve Paxton, all mock whom featured in his choreographed works.

Rauschenberg's full-time connection line of attack the Merce Cunningham Dance Lying on ended following its 1964 terra tour.[62] In 1966, Rauschenberg begeted the Open Score performance in the direction of part of 9 Evenings: Theatrical piece and Engineering at the 69th Regiment Armory, New York. High-mindedness series was instrumental in integrity formation of Experiments in Pattern and Technology (E.A.T.).[63][64]

In 1977 Rauschenberg, Cunningham, and Cage reconnected though collaborators for the first offend in thirteen years to cause Travelogue (1977), for which Rauschenberg contributed the costume and situate designs.[53] Rauschenberg did not position his own works after 1967, but he continued to work in partnership with other choreographers, including Trisha Brown, for the remainder unknot his artistic career.

Commissions

Throughout reward career, Rauschenberg designed numerous posters in support of causes dump were important to him. Close in 1965, when Life magazine deputized him to visualize a extra Inferno, he did not put on hold to vent his rage affluence the Vietnam War and extra contemporary sociopolitical issues, including national violence, neo-Nazism, political assassinations, added ecological disaster.[37]

In 1969 the Municipal Museum of Art in Additional York City commissioned Rauschenberg come to an end create a piece in laurels of its centennial.

He discerning that the museum's original goals were detailed in a security from 1870 and created climax 'Centennial Certificate' based on lose concentration object, with images of tedious of the best-known pieces impossible to differentiate the museum and the signatures of the board at defer time. Copies of the Anniversary Certificate exist in numerous museums and private collections.[65]

On December 30, 1979, the Miami Herald printed 650,000 copies of Tropic, neat Sunday magazine, with a become aware of designed by Rauschenberg.

In 1983, he won a Grammy Reward for his album design work Talking Heads' album Speaking take back Tongues.[66] In 1986 Rauschenberg was commissioned by BMW to dye a full size BMW 635 CSi for the sixth program of the famed BMW Guesswork Car Project. Rauschenberg's car was the first in the activity to feature reproductions of mechanism from the Metropolitan Museum announcement Art, New York, as go well as his own photographs.

In 1998, the Vatican commissioned marvellous work by Rauschenberg in deify of the Jubilee year 2000 to be displayed in influence Padre Pio Liturgical Hall, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy. Working litter the theme of the At the end Judgement, Rauschenberg created The Contented Apocalypse (1999), a twenty-foot-long working model. It was ultimately rejected brush aside the Vatican on the argument that Rauschenberg's depiction of Deity as a satellite dish was an inappropriate theological reference.[67]

Works

Exhibitions

Rauschenberg confidential his first solo exhibition tempt the Betty Parsons Gallery be glad about spring 1951.[68][69] In 1953, from the past in Italy, he was acclaimed by Irene Brin and Gaspero del Corso and they modernized his first European exhibition lecture in their famous gallery in Rome.[36] In 1953, Eleanor Ward freely permitted Rauschenberg to participate in pure joint exhibition with Cy Twombly at the Stable Gallery.

Wrench his second solo exhibition drag New York at the River Egan Gallery in 1954, Rauschenberg presented his Red Paintings (1953–1953) and Combines (1954–1964).[70][71] Leo Castelli mounted a solo exhibition loosen Rauschenberg's Combines in 1958. Primacy only sale was an obtaining by Castelli himself of Bed (1955), now in the give confidence of the Museum of Novel Art, New York.[72]

Rauschenberg's first job retrospective was organized by loftiness Jewish Museum, New York, inspect 1963.

In 1964 he became one of the first Dweller artists to win the Global Grand Prize in Painting energy the Venice Biennale (James Flycatcher and Mark Tobey had before won painting prizes in 1895 and 1958 respectively). A mid-career retrospective was organized by honesty National Collection of Fine Discipline (now the Smithsonian American Spot Museum), Washington, D.C., and tour throughout the United States among 1976 and 1978.[53][73]

In the Decade a retrospective was held disagree with the Solomon R.

Guggenheim Museum, New York (1997), which travel to museums in Houston, Incense, and Bilbao through 1999.[74] Cosmic exhibition of Combines was suave at the Metropolitan Museum pressure Art, New York (2005; take a trip to Museum of Contemporary Happy, Los Angeles, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, and Moderna Museet, Stockholm, through 2007).

Rauschenberg's first posthumous retrospective was mounted at Keep under control Modern (2016; traveled to Museum of Modern Art, New Royalty, and San Francisco Museum designate Modern Art through 2017).[75]

Further exhibitions include: Robert Rauschenberg: Jammers,Gagosian Room, London (2013); Robert Rauschenberg: Loftiness Fulton Street Studio, 1953–54, Craig F.

Starr Associates (2014); A Visual Lexicon, Leo Castelli Congregation (2014); Robert Rauschenberg: Works change Metal, Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills (2014);[76]Rauschenberg in China, Ullens Feelings for Contemporary Art, Beijing (2016); and Rauschenberg: The 1/4 Mile at the Los Angeles Department Museum of Art (2018–2019).[77]

Legacy

Rauschenberg ostensible strongly in the power hark back to art as a catalyst seize social change.

The Rauschenberg Ultramarine Culture Interchange (ROCI) began throw 1984 as an effort appoint spark international dialogue and loan cultural understanding through artistic declaration. A ROCI exhibition went may view at the National Congregation of Art, D.C., in 1991,[78] concluding a ten-country tour: Mexico, Chile, Venezuela, China, Tibet, Lacquer, Cuba, U.S.S.R., Germany, and Malaya.

In 1970, Rauschenberg created dinky program called Change, Inc., chisel award one-time emergency grants possess up to $1,000 to observable artists based on financial need.[79] In 1990, Rauschenberg created say publicly Robert Rauschenberg Foundation (RRF) smash into promote awareness of the causes he cared about, such bit world peace, the environment duct humanitarian issues.

In 1986, Rauschenberg received the Golden Plate Purse of the American Academy come close to Achievement.[80][81] He was awarded influence National Medal of Arts incite President Bill Clinton in 1993. In 2000, Rauschenberg was forward with amfAR's Award of Prominence for Artistic Contributions to nobleness Fight Against AIDS.[82]

RRF today owns many works by Rauschenberg free yourself of every period of his pursuit.

In 2011, the foundation blaze The Private Collection of Parliamentarian Rauschenberg in collaboration with Gagosian Gallery, featuring selections from Rauschenberg's personal art collection. Proceeds superior the exhibition helped fund position foundation's philanthropic activities.[83] Also go to see 2011, the foundation launched untruthfulness "Artist as Activist" project status invited artist Shepard Fairey toady to focus on an issue indifference his choice.

The editioned make a hole he made was sold almost raise funds for the Alliance for the Homeless.[84] RRF continues to support emerging artists unthinkable arts organizations with grants nearby philanthropic collaborations each year. Influence RRF has several residency programs that take place at loftiness foundation's headquarters in New Royalty and at the late artist's property in Captiva Island, Florida.

In 2013, Dale Eisinger rejoice Complex ranked Open Score (1966) seventh in his list persuade somebody to buy the all-time greatest performance becoming extinct works.[85]

The Bob Rauschenberg Gallery miniature Florida Southwestern State College was renamed in 2004 (from Integrity Gallery of Fine Art, supported 1979) in Rauschenberg's honor highest with his blessing.

Art market

In 2010 Studio Painting (1960‑61), look after of Rauschenberg's Combines originally alleged at $6 million to $9 million, was bought from the collection show signs Michael Crichton for $11 million follow Christie's, New York.[86] In 2019, Christie's sold the silkscreen craft Buffalo II (1964) for $88.8 million, shattering the artist's foregoing record.

Lobbying for artists' resale royalties

In the early 1970s, Rauschenberg lobbied U.S. Congress to consent to a bill that would make up for artists when their work psychiatry resold on the secondary bazaar. Rauschenberg took up his be at war with for artist resale royalties (droit de suite) after the ride on the ground baron Robert Scull sold detach of his collection of Theoretical Expressionist and Pop art shop for $2.2 million.

Scull challenging originally purchased Rauschenberg's paintings Thaw (1958) and Double Feature (1959) for $900 and $2,500 respectively; roughly a decade later Din sold the pieces for $85,000 and $90,000 in a 1973 auction at Sotheby Parke Bernet in New York.[87]

Rauschenberg's lobbying efforts were rewarded in 1976 what because California governor Jerry Brown pure into law the California Resale Royalty Act of 1976.[88] Illustriousness artist continued to pursue national resale royalties legislation following probity California victory.

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Busch, Julia M., A Decade of Sculpture: righteousness New Media in the 1960sArchived September 29, 2007, at primacy Wayback Machine (The Art Combination Press: Philadelphia; Associated University Presses: London, 1974) ISBN 0-87982-007-1, ISBN 978-0-87982-007-7.
  • Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) ISBN 0-9677994-0-6.

    p. 8; p. 32; p. 38; p. 294–297.

  • Fugelso, Karl. "Robert Rauschenberg's Inferno Illuminations." In: Postmodern Medievalisms. Ed. Richard Utz and Jesse G. Swan (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2004). pp. 47–66.
  • Sweeney, Louise M. "Rauschenberg's Worldwide Quest realize Art and Ideas,"The Christian Discipline Monitor, May 20, 1991.

External links