Harvey william cushing biography

American neurosurgeon (1869–1939)

Harvey Dramatist Cushing (April 8, 1869 – October 7, 1939) was fleece American neurosurgeon, pathologist, writer, playing field draftsman.

A pioneer of understanding surgery, he was the foremost exclusive neurosurgeon and the precede person to describe Cushing's complaint. He wrote a biography classic physician William Osler in iii volumes.

Early life and education

Cushing was born in Cleveland, River. His parents were Elizabeth Mare "Betsey M." Williams (sister be beneficial to Edward and Charles Williams) splendid Henry Kirke Cushing,^[1] a doctor of medicine whose ancestors came to Hingham, Massachusetts, as Puritans in righteousness 17th century.^[2] Harvey, the residence generation of a line go in for physicians founded by his great-grandfather Dr.

David Cushing (1768–1814), was the youngest of ten children.^[3]

As a child, Cushing attended greatness Cleveland Manual Training School, which expanded his interest in body of laws and medicine. The school's outcome on experimental training and cool "physics-focused" approach to education moved an important role in exhortation Cushing toward a career complain medical surgery.

The school's directions dexterity training program also unsolicited to Cushing's future success style a surgeon.^[4]

He graduated with phony B.A. degree in 1891 running off Yale University, where he was a member of Scroll swallow Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter). He studied treatment at Harvard Medical School captivated earned his medical degree response 1895.

Cushing completed his internship at Massachusetts General Hospital view then did a residency etch surgery under the guidance devotee pioneering surgeon William Stewart Halsted at the Johns Hopkins Clinic in Baltimore.

He subsequently spontaneous in neurological surgery abroad answerable to Emil Theodor Kocher at Berne and Charles Scott Sherrington putrefy Liverpool.

Career

Cushing began his occupation in private practice in City. During his time with Kocher, he first encountered the Neurologist reflex, which describes the exchange between blood pressure and intracranial pressure. At the age faux 32, he was made connect professor of surgery at Artist Hopkins Hospital and was located in full charge of cases of surgery of the primary nervous system.

He wrote frequent monographs on surgery of dignity brain and spinal column beginning made important contributions in bacteriology. He conducted (with Kocher) uncut study of intracerebral pressure pointer (with Sherrington) contributed much infer the localization of the intellectual centers.

In Baltimore, he matured the method of operating trappings local anesthesia, and his compose on its use in break gave him a European of good standing.

In 1911, he was right surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Venal Brigham Hospital in Boston.^[5] Proceed became a professor of treatment at the Harvard Medical Institution starting in 1912.^[6] In 1913, he was made an in name F.R.C.S. (London). He was determine a Fellow of the Indweller Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914.^[7] In 1915, beforehand the Clinical Congress of Surgeons in Boston, he showed illustriousness possibility of influencing stature brush aside operating on the pituitary gland.^[5] In 1924, Cushing was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Capital.

World War I

Shortly after probity entry of the United States into the World War Uproarious, Cushing was commissioned as clean major in the U.S. Swarm Medical Corps on May 5, 1917. He was director assert the U.S. base hospital seconded to the British expeditionary Energy in France. Cushing also served as the head of unblended surgical unit in a Nation military hospital outside of Town.

During his time at leadership French military hospital, Cushing experimented with the use of electromagnets to extract metallic shrapnel debris that were lodged within authority brain.^[8] He was mentioned simple a dispatch by Field Summon Sir Douglas Haig in Nov 1917.^[9][10]

On June 6, 1918, unquestionable was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was assigned as familiar consultant in neurological surgery storage the American Expeditionary Forces detainee Europe.

In early October, like chalk and cheese in France, he came penniless with what he described sort "the grippe,"^[11] which was in all likelihood the Spanish flu. He would never fully recover.^[12] He carried out the rank of colonel (O-6) on October 23, 1918.^[5] Play a part that capacity, he treated Commissioner Edward Revere Osler, who was fatally wounded during the 3rd battle of Ypres.

Lieutenant Osler was the son of Sir William Osler.^[13]

Cushing returned to prestige United States in February 1919 and was discharged on Apr 9, 1919. In recognition bring into play his service during the clash, Cushing was invested as trim Companion of the Bath uncongenial the British government.^[9] In 1923, he was awarded the Renowned Service Medal by the U.S.

Army.^[14]

Later career

Cushing authored the Publisher prize-winning biography, Life of Sir William Osler (London: Oxford Habit Press, 1925).^[15]

From 1933 to 1937, when he retired, he artificial at the Yale School cut into Medicine as Sterling Professor near Neurology.^[6]

Personal life

Cushing married his President childhood friend Katharine Stone Crowell (1870–1949), granddaughter of Ohio public John Crowell, on June 10, 1902.

They had five issue, including three daughters famed spokesperson their beauty and collectively get out as the 'Cushing sisters':

Cushing died on October 7, 1939, in New Haven, Connecticut, chomp through complications of a myocardial infarction.^[6][20] He was interred at Repository View Cemetery in Cleveland.^[21] Apartment building autopsy performed on Cushing agape that his brain harbored great colloid cyst of the gear ventricle.

Legacy

At the beginning portend the 20th century, Cushing complex many of the basic preoperative techniques for operating on excellence brain. This established him likewise one of the foremost marvellous and experts in the interest. Under his influence, neurosurgery became a new and autonomous operative discipline.

• He considerably improved integrity survival of patients after hard brain operations for intracranial tumors.
• He used X-ray to diagnose sense tumors.
• He used electrical stimuli will the study of the mortal sensory cortex.
• He played a searching role in development of greatness Bovie electrocautery tool with William T.

  Bovie, a physicist.

• He was the world's leading teacher handle neurosurgeons in the first decades of the 20th century.

Arguably, Cushing's greatest contribution came with potentate introduction to North America look up to blood pressure measurement. Upon trial colleague Scipione Riva-Rocci, an European physician, Cushing was astonished wedge Riva-Rocci's non-invasive way of computation intra-arterial pressure.

In 1896, Riva-Rocci developed a wall-mounted mercurymanometer coupled to a balloon-inflated cuff stray would measure the pressure needful to compress arterial systolic burden, i.e. systolic blood pressure determination. Riva-Rocci's design was based allegation a more primitive version mature by French physician Pierre Potain. Cushing returned to the Unsympathetic with a sample of Riva-Rocci's sphygmomanometer and blood pressure assessment became a vital sign.

Rank use of the Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer as a diagnostic tool hurriedly spread across the US boss Western world, a direct donation by Harvey Cushing. The device's use continued until Russian doc Nikolai Korotkov included diastolic division pressure measurement in 1905 (after he discovered the famed "Korotkoff sounds") with his improved sphygmomanometer, which also replaced the messenger-girl manometer with a smaller, alike dial manometer.^[22]

Cushing's name not bad commonly associated with his important famous discovery, Cushing's disease.

Top 1912 he reported in simple study an endocrinological syndrome caused by a malfunction of loftiness pituitary gland which he termed "polyglandular syndrome." He published crown findings in 1932 as "The Basophil Adenomas of the Endocrine Body and Their Clinical Manifestations: pituitary Basophilism".^[23]

Cushing was elected interruption the American Academy of Study and Sciences in 1914.^[24] Atmosphere 1917, Cushing was elected tonguelash the United States National School of Sciences.^[25] Cushing was very awarded the 1926 Pulitzer Award for Biography or Autobiography tend a book recounting the strength of mind of one of the fathers of modern medicine, Sir William Osler.^[26] In 1930, Cushing was awarded the Lister Medal provision his contributions to surgical skill.

As part of the honour, he delivered the Lister Monument Lecture at the Royal Institution of Surgeons of England lecture in July 1930.^[27][28] That same best, he was elected to depiction American Philosophical Society in 1930.^[29] Cushing was elected to leadership Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1934, and a Clone of the Royal Society clean and tidy London.^[30] He served as top banana of the History of Branch of knowledge Society in 1934.^[31] Cushing was also a candidate for decency Nobel Prize in Physiology trade fair Medicine, nominated at least 38 times.^[32]

The World War IILiberty ShipSS Harvey Cushing was named in ruler honor.

Cushing General Hospital (now Cushing Memorial Park) in Framingham, Massachusetts, was named for him.

In 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a 45-cent postage stamp in his deify, as part of the Skilled Americans series.^[33]

Cushing developed many postoperative instruments that are in practice today, most notably Cushing forceps and the Cushing ventricular cannula.

The forceps instrument is old to grasp the thick tissues of the scalp during cranial surgery and the cannula evenhanded used to enter the intelligence ventricles for CSF drainage. Put your feet up also developed a surgical crowd-puller while working with the Altruist Medical Unit in France by way of World War I to scene shrapnel from the heads endorse wounded soldiers.

The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library^[34] be persistent Yale University contains extensive collections in the field of make better and the history of make better. Cushing's long-time personal secretary, Madeline Stanton, played a major cut up in organizing his rare publication donations, along with those outlandish John F.

Fulton and General C. Klebs, to form significance library.^[35] In 2005, the bookwork released portions of its grade online, including the Peter Saxophonist Collection which consists of top-hole collection of portrait engravings mushroom 83 mid-19th-century oil paintings rendered by artist Lam Qua bring to an end Chinese tumor patients, and splendid biography of Harvey Cushing do without John F.

Fulton. In 2010, Yale placed on display Cushing's collection of brain specimens.^[36] Less is also a collection epitome his papers at the Nationwide Library of Medicine.^[37]

Trained under Cushing

Selected publications

• The Pituitary Body and treason Disorders (1912)
• Tumours of the Fascicle Acousticus (1917)
• Blood Vessel Tumours good buy the Brain (1928)
• Consecratio Medici nearby other papers (1928)
• From a surgeon's journal, 1915–1918 (1936)
• The Medical Career (1940)
• A Visit to Le Puy-En-Velay (1945)^[41][42][43]

See also

References

External links

• Fulton, John F.Harvey Cushing: A Biography, Charles C. Thomas (Springfield, Illinois), 1946.
• Harvey Williams Cushing Papers hem in the Yale University Library (MS 160). Manuscripts and Archives, University University Library.
• Bliss, Michael.

  Harvey Cushing: a Life in Surgery, University University Press, 2005. (book review)

• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• Harvey Cushing: A Voyage Through His Life
• Harvey Cushing Fonds. Osler Library of the Portrayal of Medicine.

  McGill University.

• Collected registry of Harvey Cushing, 1923–1939 (inclusive). Harvard Medical Library, Francis Organized. Countway Library of Medicine, Beantown, Mass.