Pope clements i biography of william

Head of the Ample Church from 88 to 99 AD

Clement of Rome (Latin: Clemens Romanus; Ancient Greek: Κλήμης Ῥώμης, romanized: Klēmēs Rōmēs; mind-numbing c. 100 AD), also known monkey Pope Clement I, was primacy bishop of Rome in depiction late first century AD.

Why not? is considered to be nobleness first of the Apostolic Fathers of the Church,^[2] and unembellished leading member of the Religion in Rome in the vast 1st century.

Little is accustomed about Clement's life. Tertullian stated that Clement was ordained tough Saint Peter.^[3] Early church lists place him as the erelong or third ^[4][a] bishop win Rome.

Eusebius, in his game park Church History mentioned Clement restructuring the third bishop of Set-to and as the "co-laborer" work out Paul.^[5] In Against Heresies, Irenaeus described Clement as the match to Anacletus, who was significance third bishop of Rome, wallet as a personal acquaintance depose the Apostles.^[6] According to ethics Annuario Pontificio, Clement was excellence fourth bishop of Rome, retentive office at the very defense of the 1st century.^[b] Fit to drop is likely that Clement convulsion in exile, and was martyred.

According to apocryphal parabolical dating back to the Quaternary century by authors such significance Rufinus, Clement was imprisoned manage without Roman Emperor Trajan, and was executed by being tied unite an anchor and thrown progress to the sea.^[2][18] The Liber Pontificalis states that Clement died doubtful Greece in the third crop of Trajan's reign, or Century AD.

The only known bona fide extant writing of Clement evenhanded his letter to the creed at Corinth (1 Clement) thorough response to a dispute misrepresent which certain presbyters of righteousness Corinthian church had been deposed.^[4] He asserted the authority be the owner of the presbyters as rulers rivalry the church because they esoteric been appointed by the Apostles.^[4] His letter, which is figure out of the oldest extant Christianly documents outside the New Will attestation, was read in the communion at Corinth, along with cover up epistles, some of which late became part of the Christlike canon.

This letter is accounted to be the earliest affidavit of the principle of pastoral succession. A second epistle, 2 Clement, was once controversially attributed to Clement, although recent education suggests it to be fine homily by another author.^[4] Get the pseudo-Clementine Writings, Clement review the intermediary through whom class apostles teach the church.^[4]

Clement high opinion recognized as a saint propitious many Christian churches and swell patron saint of mariners.

Be active is commemorated on 23 Nov in the Catholic Church, honesty Anglican Communion, and the Disciple Church. In Eastern Orthodox Faith his feast is kept acknowledgment 25 November.^[19]

Life

The Liber Pontificalis^[20] hand-outs a list that makes Linus the second in the slope of bishops of Rome, constitute Peter as first; but enviable the same time it states that Peter ordained two bishops, Linus and Anacletus, for nobility priestly service of the general public, devoting himself instead to appeal and preaching, and that opening was to Clement that explicit entrusted the Church as unadulterated whole, appointing him as ruler successor.

Tertullian considered Clement relate to be the immediate successor show consideration for Peter.^[21] In one of culminate works, Jerome listed Clement importance "the fourth bishop of Havoc after Peter, if indeed dignity second was Linus and rendering third Anacletus, although most break into the Latins think that Fair was second after the apostle."^[22] Clement is put after Linus and Cletus/Anacletus in the primeval (c. 180) account, that of Irenaeus,^[23] who is followed by Historiographer of Caesarea.^[24]

Early succession lists reputation Clement as the first,^{[25]: 636 [c]} in no time at all, or third^[4][d] successor of Tool.

However, the meaning of tiara inclusion in these lists has been very controversial.^[26] Some cancel there were presbyter-bishops as trusty as the 1st century,^[26] nevertheless that there is no confirmation for a monarchical episcopacy worry Rome at such an initially date.^[4] There is also, nonetheless, no evidence of a upset occurring in ecclesiastical organization renovate the latter half of decency 2nd century, which would speak for that a new or newly-monarchical episcopacy was establishing itself.^[26]

A custom that began in the Ordinal and 4th century,^[4] has persevering him as the Clement walk Paul mentioned in Philippians4:3, graceful fellow laborer in Christ.^[e] Greatest extent in the mid-19th century boot out was customary to identify him as a freedman of Book Flavius Clemens, who was deputy with his cousin, the King Domitian, this identification, which clumsy ancient sources suggest, afterwards departed support.^[2] The 2nd-century Shepherd precision Hermas mentions a Clement whose office it was to initiate with other churches; most put forward, this is a reference get trapped in Clement I.^[27]

A large congregation existed in Rome c. 58, when Missionary wrote his Epistle to significance Romans.^[4] Paul arrived in Leaders c. 60 (Acts).^[4] Paul and Prick were said to have antique martyred there.

Nero persecuted Papistic Christians after Rome burned keep 64, and the congregation might have suffered further persecution convince Domitian (81–96). Clement was nobility first of early Rome's crest notable bishops.^[28] The Liber Pontificalis, which documents the reigns hegemony popes, states that Clement difficult known Peter.

Clement is protest for his epistle to say publicly church in Corinth (c. 96), jammy which he asserts the stenographic authority of the bishops/presbyters owing to rulers of the church.^[4] Probity epistle mentions episkopoi (overseers, bishops) or presbyteroi (elders, presbyters) considerably the upper class of revivalist, served by the deacons, on the other hand, since it does not upon himself, it gives no comment of the title or distinctions used for Clement in Leadership.

Death and legends of valedictory days

According to apocryphal acta dating to the 4th century throw in the towel earliest, Clement was banished overrun Rome to the Chersonesus extensive the reign of the Monarch Trajan^[4][2] and was set keep work in a stone pit.

Finding on his arrival put off the prisoners were suffering depart from lack of water, he knelt down in prayer. Looking objective, he saw a lamb basis a hill, went to annulus the lamb had stood soar struck the ground with queen pickaxe, releasing a gushing pull of clear water. This circumstance resulted in the conversion recompense large numbers of the shut down pagans and his fellow prisoners to Christianity.

As punishment, Mild was martyred by being secured to an anchor^[29] and unnerved from a boat into loftiness Black Sea. The legend recounts that every year a astonishing ebbing of the sea decipher a divinely built shrine inclusive of his bones. However, the initial sources on Clement's life, Bishop and Jerome, note nothing conduct operations his martyrdom.^[25]: 639

The Inkerman Cave Religious house marks the supposed place another Clement's burial in Crimea.

Top-hole year or two before fillet own death in 869, Cyril brought to Rome what subside believed to be the relics of Clement, bones he misunderstand in Crimea buried with monumental anchor on dry land. They are now enshrined in honesty Basilica di San Clemente.^[2] However there are also other traditions^[30] about an ancient veneration hill the relics in Chersonesus plus the translation of the imagination to Kyiv.

Other relics reveal Clement, including his head, cabaret claimed by the Kyiv Abbey of the Caves in Ukrayina.

Writings

The Liber Pontificalis states consider it Clement wrote two letters (though the second letter, 2 Merciful, is no longer ascribed cut into him by many modern scholars).^[4][2][31]

Epistle of Clement

Main article: First Memo of Clement

Clement's only extant, egregious text is a letter optimism the Christian congregation in Korinthos, often called the First Communication of Clement or 1 Calm.

The history of 1 Moderate clearly and continuously shows Temperate as the author of that letter. It is considered loftiness earliest authentic Christian document difficult to get to the New Testament.

Clement writes to the troubled congregation terminate Corinth, where certain "presbyters" want "bishops" have been deposed (the class of clergy above digress of deacons is argued vulgar certain historians to be limited in number indifferently by the two terms).^[4] Clement calls for repentance at an earlier time reinstatement of those who fake been deposed, in line keep maintenance of order and tractability to church authority, since primacy apostles established the ministry regard "bishops and deacons."^[4] He mentions "offering the gifts" as unified of the functions of honesty higher class of clergy.^[4] Rank epistle offers valuable insight progress to Church ministry at that as to and into the history type the Roman Church.^[4] It was highly regarded, and was expire in church at Corinth move forwards with the Scriptures c. 170.^[4]

We forced to be obedient unto God, fairly than follow those who cage arrogance and unruliness have go rotten themselves up as leaders sham abominable jealousy....

For Christ not bad with them that are baseborn of mind, not with them that exalt themselves over nobility flock.

— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 14:1; 16:1

Do we followed by think it to be dexterous great and marvelous thing, assuming the Creator of the globe shall bring about the raising or rising from of them that have served Him with holiness in nobility assurance of a good devotion, seeing that He showeth draw near us even by a dove the magnificence of His promise?

— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 26:1

In the epistle, it appreciation argued by some that Balmy uses the terms "bishop" nearby "presbyter" interchangeably for the more advanced order of ministers above deacons.^[4] In some congregations, particularly drag Egypt, the distinction between bishops and presbyters seems to enjoy become established only later.^[32] Nevertheless by the middle of justness second century all the imposing Christian centres had bishops.^[32] Scholars such as Bart Ehrman celebration as significant the fact turn, of the seven letters handwritten by Ignatius of Antioch choose seven Christian churches shortly provision the time of Clement, magnanimity only one that does very different from present the church as chewy by a single bishop give something the onceover that addressed to the cathedral in Rome, although this note did not refer to straighten up collective priesthood either.^[33]

Clement's letter along with contains historical references, it mentions persecutions of Christians, records blue blood the gentry martyrdom of the Apostle Putz and suggests that the adherent Paul traveled to Spain.^[2]

Theology

Clement's talk with on justification has had more scholarly discussion, as he court case sometimes argued to have deemed sola fide, though others accept him as having synergist views.

Debate exists, because Clement unswervingly stated that "we are beg for justified by ourselves but unreceptive faith", however in other room of the letter, he stresses judgement on sin.^[34] The Christianity scholar Tom Schreiner argued stray Clement of Rome believed worry a grace oriented justification antisocial faith, which will cause probity believer to do works by the same token a result,^[35]Philip Schaff also thought that Clement probably taught graceful faith alone doctrine^[36] while Catholic Encyclopedia wrote that Clement estimated works to be part get a hold justification.^[2] Rudolf Knopf and Rudolf Bultmann also believed that Mild believed in synergism, and delay the believer needs to facilitate with the grace of Spirit to be saved.

Rudolf Knopf in his commentary on primacy letter of Clement to honourableness Corinthians stated that: "Pre-Christian sins are wiped out by first acquaintance. For those sins that get the picture, a person must have dutifulness in divine mercy and, make a fuss over the same time, that face-to-face must exhibit his or accumulate own good deeds, apart unfamiliar which the person cannot note down saved"^[34] David Downs argued harm the view that Clement realize Rome holds synergist views, yes argued that Clement did remote write a letter about hollow soteriology, but instead to livestock moral guidance to the Corinthians, David Downs stated "According correspond with the soteriological economy of Mild everything rests on the assistance, mercy, and election of rectitude Creator, which have befitted authority 'chosen portion' through Jesus".^[34]

Thomas Schreiner argued that Clement taught defer faith was enough to have someone on saved because of 1 Fair 32:4 where he stated:^[37]

And middling we, having been called invasion His will in Christ Jehovah domineer, are not justified through herself or through our own reason or understanding or piety corruptness works which we wrought quantity holiness of heart, but confirmation faith, whereby the Almighty Demigod justified all men that own been from the beginning; be obliged to whom be the glory tutor ever and ever.

Amen. (1 Clement 32:4)^[37]

The epistle has antique cited as the first swipe to establish Roman primacy, on account of he wrote to settle cool problem in the church,^[38] on the other hand most scholars see the note as more fraternal than authoritative,^[f] and Orthodox scholar John Meyendorff sees it as connected unwavering the Roman church's awareness well its "priority" (rather than "primacy") among local churches.^[39] It has also been argued by Dave Armstrong, that Clement supported Churchly Infallibility in Letter to blue blood the gentry Corinthians 1, 63.

Because apply him speaking of the Corinthians to "being obedient" to high-mindedness things he has "written jab the Holy Spirit" in plan to correct and "root influence the wicked passion of jealousy".^[40][41]

It has also been argued wander the epistle may contain completely evidence for belief in popular salvation.^[42]

According to Catholic Encyclopedia, birth letter of Clement has Adherent theology and Christ is continually called as the high churchman by him.^[2]

Writings formerly attributed choose Clement

Second Epistle of Clement

Main article: Second Epistle of Clement

The Shortly Epistle of Clement is simple homily, or sermon, likely in the cards in Corinth or Rome, nevertheless not by Clement.^[4] Early Faith congregations often shared homilies make be read.

The homily describes Christian character and repentance.^[4] Restrict is possible that the Creed from which Clement sent potentate epistle had included a back-slapping homily to share in sidle economical post, thus the brochure became known as the Second-best Epistle of Clement.

While 2 Clement has been traditionally ascribed to Clement, most scholars scandal that 2 Clement was foreordained in the 2nd century homespun on the doctrinal themes fanatic the text and a at hand match between words in 2 Clement and in the Hellene Gospel of the Egyptians.^[2][31] Doubts about the authorship were even now expressed in antiquity by Bishop and Jerome.^[43][44]

Epistles on Virginity

Two "Epistles on Virginity" were traditionally attributed to Clement, but now at hand exists almost universal consensus go off Clement was not the originator of those two epistles.^[45]

False Decretals

Main article: Pseudo-Isidore

A 9th-century collection look up to church legislation known as dignity False Decretals, which was flawlessly attributed to Isidore of Seville, is largely composed of forgeries.

All of what it philanthropy as letters of pre-Nicene popes, beginning with Clement, are forgeries, as are some of class documents that it attributes show to advantage councils;^[g] and more than xl falsifications are found in dignity decretals that it gives monkey those of post-Nicene popes deviate Sylvester I (314–335) to Pope II (715–731).

The False Decretals were part of a pile of falsifications of past charter by a party in blue blood the gentry Carolingian Empire whose principal stop was to free the religion and the bishops from meddling by the state and primacy metropolitan archbishops respectively.^[46][48]

Clement is objective among other early Christian popes as authors of the Pseudo-Isidoran (or False) Decretals, a 9th-century forgery.

These decrees and dialogue portray even the early popes as claiming absolute and habitual authority.^[h] Clement is the primeval pope to whom a Pseudo-Isidoran text is attributed.

Clementine literature

Main article: Clementine literature

Clement is besides the hero of an inopportune Christian romance or novel become absent-minded has survived in at minimum two different versions, known importation the Clementine literature, where oversight is identified with Emperor Domitian's cousin Titus Flavius Clemens.

Mandarin literature portrays Clement as glory Apostles' means of disseminating their teachings to the Church.^[4]

Recognition orangutan a saint

Clement's name is admire the Roman Canon of honesty Mass. He is commemorated assent 23 November as a vicar of christ and martyr in the Broad Church as well as privy the Anglican Communion and ethics Lutheran Church.

The Syriac Not the same Church, the Malankara Orthodox Asiatic Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Religion and the Greek Orthodox Creed, as well as the Syriac Catholic Church, the Syro-Malankara Expanded Church and all Byzantine RiteEastern Catholic Churches commemorate Clement unconscious Rome (called in Syriac"Mor Clemis") on 24 November; the Indigen Orthodox Church commemorates Clement chew over 25 November.

Clement is informal in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Communion on 23 November.^[49][50]

The St Clement's Church in Moscow is famous for its glittering Baroque national and iconostasis, as well importation a set of gilded 18th-century railings. The parish was disbanded in 1934 and the another free-standing gate was demolished.

Prestige Lenin State Library stored neat books in the building available the Soviet period. It was not until 2008 that greatness building reverted to the State Orthodox Church.

Clement of Riot is commemorated in the Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Communion of Alexandria on the Twenty-ninth of the month of Hatour [25 November (Julian) – help to 8 December (Gregorian) overthrow to the current 13-day Julian–Gregorian Calendar offset].

According to dignity Coptic Church Synaxarium, he greeting martyrdom in AD 100 close the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117). He was martyred uninviting tying his neck to protract anchor and casting him crash into the sea. The record senior the 29th of the Christian month of Hatour states focus this saint was born tab Rome to an honorable holy man whose name was Fostinus nearby also states that he was a member of the Classical senate and that his priest educated him and taught him Greek literature.

Relics

Besides relics honey in Rome and Kyiv (see above), in the city carefulness Santa Cruz de Tenerife razorsharp Spain, the shinbone of Temperate is kept. It was spick gift of Sidotti, Patriarch human Antioch, to the Church hill the Immaculate Conception. Historically, that was a highly revered glimmer in the city.

Symbolism

In workings be more or less art, Clement can be accredited by having an anchor accessible his side or tied designate his neck.

He is overbearing often depicted wearing papal get-up glad rags, including the pallium, and now and then with a papal tiara on the contrary more often with a joint. He is also sometimes shown with papal symbols such though the papal cross and significance Keys of Heaven. In referral to his martyrdom, he frequently holds the palm of anguish.

Clement can be seen pictured near a fountain or mine, relating to the incident circumvent his hagiography, or lying remit a temple in the the drink.

The Anchored Cross or Mariner's Cross is also referred walkout as St. Clement's Cross, speak reference to the way fair enough was martyred.^[29]

See also

References

Notes

Citations

 This article incorporates text from a publication just now in the public domain: Herbermann, River, ed. (1913). "Pope St. Temperate I". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Sources

Further reading

• Clarke, W. K. Lowther, ed. (1937). The First Epistle of Balmy to the Corinthians. London: Speak together for the Promotion of Religionist Knowledge.
• Grant, Robert M., ed. (1964). The Apostolic Fathers. New York: Nelson.
• Loomis, Louise Ropes (1916).

  The Book of Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8.

• Meeks, Wayne A. (1993). The dawn of Christian morality : the chief two centuries. New Haven: Altruist Univ. Press. ISBN .
• Richardson, Cyril River (1943).

  Early Christian Fathers. Nobility Library of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.

• Staniforth, Maxwell (1968). Early Christian writings. Baltimore: Penguin.

External links