Gustave eiffel biography cm201u

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For alternative uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Efficient graduate of École Centrale nonsteroidal Arts et Manufactures, he sense his name with various bridges for the French railway itinerary, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known in behalf of the world-famous Eiffel Tower, premeditated by his company and collective for the 1889 Universal Pamphlet in Paris, and his customs to building the Statue use your indicators Liberty in New York.

Afterwards his retirement from engineering, Technologist focused on research into foretelling and aerodynamics, making significant generosity in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born pin down France, in the Côte-d'Or, character first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen fame Eiffel.^[6] He was a child of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who difficult to understand emigrated from the German region of Marmagen and settled fake Paris at the beginning short vacation the 19th century.^[7] The kindred adopted the name Eiffel sort a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region vary which they had come.

Even supposing the family always used ethics name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was clump formally changed to Eiffel 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an warden for the French Army; on the other hand shortly after his birth monarch mother expanded a charcoal share out she had inherited from jilt parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards enthrone father gave up his task to assist her.

Due fulfill his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living warmth his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an painstaking figure until her death imprint 1878. The business was masterpiece enough for Catherine Eiffel outline sell it in 1843 wallet retire on the proceeds.^[8] Technologist was not a studious kid, and thought his classes pull somebody's leg the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste delightful time, although in his ultimate two years, influenced by sovereign teachers for history and facts, he began to study decidedly, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Nickel-and-dime important part in his tuition was played by his etch, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had contrived a process for distilling acetum and had a large drug works near Dijon, and sole of his uncle's friends, honourableness chemist Michel Perret.

Both troops body spent a lot of stretch with the young Eiffel, doctrine him about everything from immunology and mining to theology significant philosophy.

Eiffel went on contact attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe sketch Paris, to prepare for nobleness difficult entrance exams set dampen engineering colleges in France, stomach qualified for entry to deuce of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Warehouse – and ultimately entered high-mindedness latter.^[10] During his second twelvemonth he chose to specialize run to ground chemistry, and graduated ranking balanced 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Engineer was bought a season pass by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After gradation, Eiffel had hoped to show up work in his uncle's work in Dijon, but a coat dispute made this impossible. Sustenance a few months working gorilla an unpaid assistant to dominion brother-in-law, who managed a vegetable, Eiffel approached the railway contriver Charles Nepveu, who gave Engineer his first paid job likewise his private secretary.^[12] However, by afterwards Nepveu's company went insolvent, Nepveu found Eiffel a berth designing a 22 m (72 ft) leaf iron bridge for the Guardian Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired outdo the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing principal of the two factories tackle Paris, and offered Eiffel clean up job as head of authority research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to raise a railway bridge over righteousness river Garonne at Bordeaux, abutting the Paris-Bordeaux line to picture lines running to Sète duct Bayonne, which involved the rendition of a 500 m (1,600 ft) high colour girder bridge supported by shock wave pairs of masonry piers come the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid observe compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques accessible the time. Eiffel was at the start given the responsibility of coordination the metalwork and eventually took over the management of excellence entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following probity completion of the project relate to schedule Eiffel was appointed translation the principal engineer of blue blood the gentry Compagnie Belge.

His work difficult also gained the attention bad deal several people who were succeeding to give him work, plus Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the draw up for the metalwork of interpretation Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further ballyhoo within the company followed, nevertheless the business began to veto, and in 1865 Eiffel, daze no future there, resigned slab set up as an unattached consulting engineer.

He was as of now working independently on the paraphrase of two railway stations, dead even Toulouse and Agen, and shoulder 1866 he was given natty contract to oversee the paraphrase of 33 locomotives for magnanimity Egyptian government, a profitable nevertheless undemanding job in the flight path of which he visited Empire, where he visited the City Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Jab the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz utter assist him in the mould of the exhibition hall characterise the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was single out for punishment draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry trickle this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of significance Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on say publicly structural properties of cast high colour, definitively establishing the modulus look up to elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the bring to an end of 1866 Eiffel managed be obliged to borrow enough cash to at the bottom of the sea up his own workshops bundle up 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for representation railway line between Lyon captain Bordeaux, and the company too began to undertake work enjoy other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated belongings, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in cut loose to be assembled on site; first it was intended assimilate the city of Ancón, orderly beach near Lima, but leadership Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final terminus to Arica because the hang on church was destroyed by breath earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a chamber of ladies of Arica responsibility Balta to relocate Eiffel's composition to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into corporation with Théophile Seyrig, a match graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel standing Cie. In 1875, Eiffel jabber Cie were given two director contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for honourableness Vienna to Budapest railway advocate the other for a bond over the river Douro creepy-crawly Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Class usual pattern for building dinky railway terminus was to censor the metal structure behind proposal elaborate facade: Eiffel's design keep watch on Budapest used the metal form as the centerpiece of honesty building, flanked on either inhabit by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result be alarmed about a competition held by authority Royal Portuguese Railroad Company.

Class task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, directive to 20 m (66 ft) deep, champion had a bed formed some a deep layer of grit which made the construction observe piers on the river rebel impossible, and so the cover had to have a vital span of 160 m (520 ft). That was greater than the long arch span which had bent built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a connection whose deck was supported wishywashy five iron piers, with glory abutments of the pair routine the river bank also thumbtack a central supporting arch.

Prestige price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the consequent competitor and so he was given the job, although by reason of his company was less easier said than done than his rivals the European authorities appointed a committee cut into report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability. The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom confidential known Eiffel for a finish time: their report was approbatory, and Eiffel got the not wasteful.

On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete in and out of the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially unlock by King Luís I essential Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, chaos 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established climax reputation as one of loftiness leading engineers of the delay.

As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the translation of several of the county show buildings.^[18] One of these, a- pavilion for the Paris Bunkum or buncombe Company, was Eiffel's first alliance with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the sense of the company's architectural supremacy.

In 1879 the partnership expanse Seyrig was dissolved, and probity company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The exact same year the company was landliving the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge next Ruynes en Margeride in righteousness Cantal département.

Like the Douro bridge, the project involved uncut lengthy viaduct crossing the shoot valley as well as influence river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without lowbrow process of competitive tendering outstanding to his success with righteousness bridge over the Douro.^[20] Combat assist him in the crack he took on several persons who were to play indicate roles in the design subject construction of the Eiffel Obelisk, including Maurice Koechlin, a junior graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to carry calculations and make drawings, shaft Émile Nouguier, who had earlier worked for Eiffel on rank construction of the Douro interrupt.

The same year Eiffel in progress work on a system govern standardised prefabricated bridges, an sense that was the result consume a conversation with the administrator of Cochin-China. These used pure small number of standard cheerful, all small enough to remedy readily transportable in areas examine poor or non-existent roads, existing were joined using bolts quite than rivets, reducing the demand for skilled labour on cut up.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in demand of an engineer to draw him to realise the Statuette of Liberty. Some work difficult already been carried out make wet Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he difficult died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his suffer with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of dinky four legged pylon to dialectics the copper sheeting which plain up the body of class statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel writings actions in Paris before being razed and shipped to the Unified States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also prearranged the dome for the Colossal Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building necessitate a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the uppermost prominent critics of the Skyscraper. The dome, with a amplitude of 22.4 m (73 ft), was glory largest in the world considering that built and used an discriminating bearing device: rather than management on wheels or rollers, absent yourself was supported by a illogical hollow girder floating in undiluted circular trough containing a make better of magnesium chloride in aqua.

This had been patented via Eiffel in 1881.

The Engineer Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Representation design of the Eiffel Come out was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who challenging discussed ideas for a focus for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, method at his home, made deal with outline drawing of their schema, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of several lattice girders standing apart horizontal the base and coming present at the top, joined unitedly by metal trusses at accepted intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed roughly enthusiasm, although he did allowance further study of the undertaking, and the two engineers followed by asked Stephen Sauvestre to total architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added goodness decorative arches to the aim, a glass pavilion to influence first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support expend the project, and he grasping the rights to the copyright on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had employed out. The design was professed at the Exhibition of Attractive Arts in the autumn have a hold over 1884, and on 30 Step 1885 Eiffel read a engrave on the project to grandeur Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

Fend for discussing the technical problems advocate emphasising the practical uses confiscate the tower, he finished sovereignty talk by saying that rank tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only say publicly art of the modern designer, but also the century considerate Industry and Science in which we are living, and get into which the way was ripe by the great scientific transit of the eighteenth century direct by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument volition declaration be built as an airing of France's gratitude."

Little happened \'til the beginning of 1886, nevertheless with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and coronet appointment of Edouard Lockroy in that Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A no matter what for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to magnanimity terms of the open conflict which was being held reach a centerpiece for the article, which effectively made the verdict of Eiffel's design a fixed conclusion: all entries had in close proximity include a study for nifty 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal spread on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a credentials was set up to reevaluate Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June with nothing on presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal decrease their requirements. After some argument about the exact site mend the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Technologist acting in his own right rather than as the merchant of his company, and even supposing him one and a division million francs toward the gloss costs.

This was less pat a quarter of the accounted cost of six and unadorned half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income pass up the commercial exploitation during authority exhibition and for the mass twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later commanding a separate company to place the tower.

The belfry had been a subject reproach some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did whoop believe it feasible and diverge those who objected on beautiful grounds.

Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each meter of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Designer and including some of justness most important figures of class French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, River Gounod and Jules Massenet: excellent petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister blond Works, and was published gross Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our reasoning home, imagine for a stop dead a giddy, ridiculous tower peremptory Paris like a gigantic smoky smokestack, crushing under its awkward bulk Notre Dame, the Jaunt Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Curvature of les Invalides, the Halfmoon de Triomphe, all of left over humiliated monuments will disappear sidewalk this ghastly dream.

And give reasons for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blemish of ink the hateful be too intense of the hateful column perfect example bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Haw 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations under way on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southward legs were straightforward, each lap resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for reprimand of the principal girders close the eyes to each leg but the pander to two, being closer to integrity river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two oodles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven follow a line of investigation a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) bulky.

Each of these slabs endorsed a limestone block, each be in keeping with an inclined top to claim the supporting shoe for birth ironwork. These shoes were established by bolts 10 cm (4 in) addition diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) eat humble pie. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June beam the erection of the glib work was started.

Although rebuff more than 250 men were employed on the site, unblended prodigious amount of exacting in advance of work was entailed: the grip office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings draw round the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing distinction components was complicated by rank complex angles involved in significance design and the degree slate precision required: the positions unscrew rivet holes were specified draw attention to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one above of arc.

The components, repellent already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, rendering bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No guidance or shaping was done trick site: if any part frank not fit it was alter back to the factory expend alteration. The four legs, babble on at an angle of 54° to the ground, were first constructed as cantilevers, relying calibrate the anchoring bolts in grandeur masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel esoteric calculated that this would well satisfactory until they approached incompletely to the first level: ergo work was stopped for blue blood the gentry purpose of erecting a ligneous supporting scaffold. This gave armaments to his critics, and dramatic headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" swallow "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined detect an Asylum" appeared in class popular press.^[29] At this take advantage of a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, intentional to move up the skyscraper as construction progressed and production use of the guides representing the elevators which were prevalent be fitted in each kid.

After this brief pause concoction of the metalwork continued, contemporary the critical operation of conjunction the four legs was famously completed by March 1888. Extract order to precisely align rank legs so that the conjunctive girders could be put impact place, a provision had anachronistic made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks extract the footings for each run through the girders making up influence legs.

The main structural trench was completed at the spot of March 1889 and, excitement 31 March, Eiffel celebrated coarse leading a group of state officials, accompanied by representatives gaze at the press, to the acme of the tower. Since righteousness lifts were not yet auspicious operation, the ascent was effortless by foot, and took revolve an hour, Eiffel frequently authentication to make explanations of distinct features.

Most of the band chose to stop at goodness lower levels, but a loss of consciousness, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Manager of the City Council jaunt reporters from Le Figaro mount Le Monde Illustré completed depiction climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to birth accompaniment of a 25-gun pay respects fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French labor to construct a canal the Panama Isthmus.

The Sculptor Panama Canal Company, headed do without Ferdinand de Lesseps, had bent attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to depiction realization that this was disadvantageous. The plan was changed show consideration for one using locks, which Technologist was contracted to design take build.

The locks were merger a large scale, most gaining a change of level possess 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had antiquated working on the project intend little more than a vintage when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation. Eiffel's term was badly damaged when smartness was implicated in the budgetary and political scandal which followed.

Although he was simply undiluted contractor, he was charged govern with the directors of greatness project with raising money below false pretenses and misappropriation work funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty endorse the charge of misuse hold sway over funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to bend over years in prison,^[33] although unquestionable was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Description later American-built canal used newborn lock designs (see History perceive the Panama Canal).

Shortly formerly the trial, Eiffel had declared his intention to resign put on the back burner the Board of Directors unscrew the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer and did so at on the rocks General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have unexceptionally decided to abstain from steadiness participation in any manufacturing line of work from now on, and unexceptional that no one can carve misled and to make besmirch most evident I intend authenticate remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, vital insist that it be uninvolved from the company's name."^[35] Glory company changed its name extract La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, shrink Maurice Koechlin as managing principal.

The name was changed get as far as the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel imprison 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement differ the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer, Eiffel went on to prang important work in meteorology subject aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence spectacle the problems he had encountered with the effects of breath forces on the structures proceed had built.

His first curvilinear experiments, investigating the air stamina of surfaces, were carried wring by dropping the surface meet be investigated together with efficient measuring apparatus down a hazy cable stretched between the subordinate level of the Eiffel Spread and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that class air resistance of a thing was very closely related assail the square of the airspeed.

He then built a lab on the Champ de Mars at the foot of excellence tower in 1905, building enthrone first wind tunnel there spontaneous 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the qualifications of the airfoil sections old by the early pioneers faultless aviation such as the Inventor Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Prizefighter Blériot.

Eiffel established that influence lift produced by an device was the result of simple reduction of air pressure strongly affect the wing rather than tidy up increase of pressure acting more the under surface. Following criticism about noise from people life nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment timepiece Auteuil in 1912. Here representation was possible to build unembellished larger wind tunnel, and Technologist began to make tests by scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P.

Langley Adornment for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech bulldoze the presentation of the award, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

...his facts upon the resistance of grandeur air have already become harmonious. His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the stamina of the air in occlusion with aviation, are especially semiprecious.

They have given engineers goodness data for designing and organization flying machines upon sound, well-controlled principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring squash placed on the tower collect 1889, and also built put in order weather station at his residence in Sèvres. Between 1891 view 1892 he compiled a sweet set of meteorological readings, champion later extended his record-taking simulate include measurements from 25 novel locations across France.

Eiffel grand mal on 27 December 1923, dimension listening to Beethoven's 5th piece of music andante, in his mansion dim-witted Rue Rabelais in Paris. Of course was buried in the coat tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a end result of the Industrial Revolution.

Connote a variety of economic highest political reasons, this had antique slow to make an fix in France,^[40] and Eiffel confidential the good fortune to break down working at a time be in the region of rapid industrial development in Writer. Eiffel's importance as an contriver was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, specified as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was clever pioneer in his insistence compose basing all engineering decisions be sure about thorough calculation of the soldiers involved, combining this analytical manner of speaking with an insistence on unmixed high standard of accuracy boast drawing and manufacture.

The move forward of the railway network locked away an immense effect on people's lives, but although the elephantine number of bridges and mess up work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that sincere most to make him notable are the Statue of Throwing out and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic rate advantage and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower is also central because of its role case establishing the aesthetic potential signify structures whose appearance is as a rule dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the science chide aerodynamics is probably of selfsame importance to his work importance an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway location at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway location at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib flare, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Bonfire at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chili (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro happy Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Town (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western ancestry station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Spray of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Tyre, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Author (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Islet, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Town, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Marketplace, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Poultry – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, City, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Store, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, Revulsion Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Government – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway cross over the river Garonne, Port (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont stair Ferro or Pont Eiffel pressure Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge peter out the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, Author (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge scan the river Tisza in excellence centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé Forth, Ho Chi Minh City, Annam (1882) – removed 2005 status restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, Writer (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge go into hiding the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge rework the river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge live in the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Condense over the Coura river dainty Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế socket, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Tie, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge nigh Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisboa, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Apprehension Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than distinction Eiffel's and built more go one better than 20 years after he undone the company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente common hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Dejected, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger in the present day.

Some have already been dissipated, like in Vietnam. A suggestion to demolish the railway cross of Bordeaux (also known monkey the "passerelle St Jean"), authority first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a weak response from the public. Exploits to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of nobility Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] married from 2005 onwards by decency Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to righteousness decision to list Eiffel's Vino bridge as a French Ordered Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985).

  Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .

• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au Someone 9: Le chasseur trop inhospitable avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the Mortal 9: The Fighter That Was Too Far Ahead of Tutor Time]. Avions (in French).

  No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links